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Upper Backward Castes

Upper Backward Castes

Extracted from the Wikipedia article Upper Backward Castes of Bihar.

References

  1. ^
  2. ^
  3. ^ 2021.
  4. ^ 2021. Among the upper backward castes, the Yadavas and Kurmis had begun to organise themselves along the caste lines during the first decade of this century (Rao, 1979) . The All – India Yadav Mahasabha has its headquarters at Patna, and the Bihari Yadavas, along with their counterparts in ... The political fall out of the Yadava, Kurmi and Koeri movements were, however, limited in the beginning
  5. ^ 2021. Here we are concerned only with upper backwards which have four castes; Yadav (11.0 per cent), Koeri (4.0 per cent), Kurmi (3.5 per cent) and Bania (0.6 per cent) .
  6. ^ 2021.
  7. ^ 2021.
  8. ^ 2020. However, the greatest beneficiaries of the abolition of the zamindars and the introduction of the various land-reform legislation in the 1950s were members of a substantial class of mediumsized owner cultivators, many of whom belonged to the upper layers of backward castes, mostly the yadav, kurmi, koeri. They gained additional land as a result of partitions, transfers and sales of surplus land by zamindars. It is estimated that during this period, 'control over at least 10 percent of land passed into the hands of the middle peasantry' from the landlords. (prasad1979:483).
  9. ^ 2021. Even in the Panchayat Election of 1978 itself, that was held no less than twenty-three years ago, there was visible shift in the political centre of gravity. Karpoori Thakur, the then Chief Minister, had implemented the Mungeri Lall Commission Report, which entailed reservation in the state government jobs, for the lower backwards (Annexure I castes) and the upper backwards (Annexure II castes) in Bihar
  10. ^ 116. ISBN  2021.
  11. ^ 125. ISBN  2020.
  12. ^ 199. ISBN . Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 2011.
  13. ^
  14. ^ 53. ISBN  2021.
  15. ^ 2020. While Samta with its leader Nitish is considered to be the party of Koeri-Kurmi, Bihar people's party led by Anand Mohan is perceived to be a party having sympathy and support of Rajputs.
  16. ^ 2021.
  17. ^ 2021.
  18. ^ 2021.
  19. ^ 2021.
  20. ^ 2021.
  21. ^ "Rising Kulaks and Backward Classes in Bihar: Social Change in the Late 1970s."". Economic and Political Weekly. 15 (2): 64–74. JSTOR 4368306.
  22. ^
Wikipedia source