Topic summary
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the UN process for negotiating an agreement to limit dangerous climate change. It is an international treaty among countries to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system". The main way to do this is limiting the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The Convention established the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities," which asserts that all countries share responsibility for addressing climate change. However, developed countries are expected to assume a leading role because of their greater historical emissions. It was signed in 1992 by 154 states at the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), known as the Earth Summit. The treaty entered into force in 1994. "UNFCCC" is also the name of the Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the convention, with offices on the UN Campus in Bonn, Germany.
The treaty calls for continuing scientific research into the climate. This research supports meetings and negotiations to lead to agreements. The aim is to allow ecosystems to adapt to climate change. At the same time it aims to ensure there are no threats to food production from climate change or measures to address it. And it aims to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. The UNFCCC's work currently focuses on implementing the Paris Agreement, which entered into force in 2016. It aims to limit the rise in global temperature to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above levels before the Industrial Revolution, and even aiming to hold it at 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). The treaty sets out responsibilities for three categories of states: developed countries, developed countries with special financial responsibilities, and developing countries. The developed countries are called Annex I countries, and should adopt national policies and take corresponding measures to limit their emissions of greenhouse gases. They should report on steps for returning individually or jointly to their 1990 greenhouse gas emission levels.
By 2022, the UNFCCC had 198 parties. Its supreme decision-making body, the Conference of the Parties (COP), meets annually. Other meetings at the regional and technical level take place throughout the year. The Paris Agreement mandates a review or "global stocktake" of progress towards meeting its goals every five years. The first of these took place at COP28 in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in 2023.
It is problematic that key signatory states are not adhering to their commitments. For this reason, the UNFCCC has been criticized as being unsuccessful in reducing greenhouse gas emission. Parties to the convention have not agreed on a process allowing for majority voting. All decisions are taken by consensus, giving individual parties or countries a veto. The effectiveness of the Paris Agreement to reach its climate goals is under debate, especially with regards to its more ambitious goal of keeping global temperature rise to under 1.5 °C. A hybrid meeting cycle alternating in-person summits with virtual sessions is proposed as a means of enhancing equity and effectiveness in climate governance under the UNFCCC.