Third Battle of Panipat

BelligerentsDurrani Empire
Supported by:
Kingdom of Rohilkhand
Khanate of Kalat
Kingdom of Awadh
Amb State
Kingdom of Kumaon
Sind State
Mughal noblesCommanders and leadersAhmad Shah Durrani
(Shah of the Durrani Empire)

---

Sadashiv Rao Bhau†
(Sarsenapati of the Maratha Empire)
Strength 41,800 Afghan cavalry, of which 28,000 was regular cavalry
32,000 Rohilla infantry
2,000 Zamburak (camel gun) 55,000 Maratha cavalry, of which 11,000 was regular cavalry
9,000 Gardi infantry
200,000 non-combatants (pilgrims and camp-followers)Casualties and losses 15,000 Rohillas killed and wounded
5,000 Afghans killed and wounded 30,000 killed in battle
10,000 killed while retreating
10,000 missing 50,000 Maratha non-combatants executed following the battle
9,000 Marathas in revenge killings following the battle
Estimated 22,000 Marathas enslaved

The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 between the Maratha Empire and the invading army of the Durrani Empire. The battle took place in and around the city of Panipat, approximately 97 kilometres (60 mi) north of Delhi. The Afghans were supported by three key allies in India: Najib-ud-Daula who persuaded the support of the Rohilla chiefs, elements of the declining Mughal Empire, and most prized the Oudh State under Shuja-ud-Daula. The Maratha army was led by Sadashivrao Bhau, who was third-highest authority of the Maratha Confederacy after the Chhatrapati and the Peshwa. The bulk of the Maratha army was stationed in the Deccan Plateau with the Peshwa.

Militarily, the battle pitted the artillery, musketry, and cavalry of the Marathas against the heavy cavalry, musketry (jezail) and mounted artillery (zamburak) of the Afghans and the Rohillas led by Ahmad Shah Durrani and Najib ud-Daula. The battle is considered to have been the largest and one of the most eventful fought in the 18th century, and it had perhaps the largest number of fatalities in a single day reported in a classic formation battle between two armies.

The battle lasted for several days and involved over 125,000 troops; protracted skirmishes occurred, with losses and gains on both sides. The Afghan army ultimately emerged victorious from the battle after successfully destroying several Maratha flanks. The extent of the losses on both sides is heavily disputed by historians, but it is believed that between 60,000 and 70,000 troops were killed in the fighting, while the numbers of injured and prisoners taken vary considerably. According to the single-best eyewitness chronicle—the bakhar by Shuja-ud-Daula's Diwan Kashi Raja—about 40,000 Maratha prisoners were collectively massacred on the day after the battle. British historian Grant Duff includes an interview of a survivor of these massacres in his History of the Marathas and generally corroborates this number. Shejwalkar, whose monograph Panipat 1761 is often regarded as the single-best secondary source on the battle, says that "not less than 100,000 Marathas (soldiers and non-combatants) perished during and after the battle".