Semi-presidential systems

Citations

1. ^ 187. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1980.tb00569.x. The concept of a semi-presidential form of government, as used here, is defined only by the content of the constitution. A political regime is considered semi-presidential if the constitution which established it combines three elements: (1) the president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage, (2) the president possesses quite considerable powers; (3) the president has opposite him a prime minister and ministers who possess executive and governmental power and can stay in office only if the parliament does not show its opposition to this team of prime minister and ministers.
2. ^ (1997). "Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's concept: A New Political System Model"(PDF). Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences. 11 (1): 39–60. Archived from the original(PDF) on 8 February 2017 2016.
3. ^ . Pouvoirs, revue française d'études constitutionnelles et politiques (in French). No. 78. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. pp. 107–120. ISBN . ISSN 0152-0768. OCLC 909782158. Archived from the original(PDF) on 1 October 2018 2016.{{}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN ()
4. ^ (October 1998). "Duverger's concept: Semi-presidential government revisited". European Journal of Political Research (quarterly). 34 (2): 201–224. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00405. S2CID 153349701. The conventional analysis of government in democratic countries by political science and constitutional law starts from the traditional types of presidentialism and parliamentarism. There is, however, a consensus that governments in the various countries work quite differently. This is why some authors have inserted distinctive features into their analytical approaches, at the same time maintaining the general dichotomy. Maurice Duverger, trying to explain the French Fifth Republic, found that this dichotomy was not adequate for this purpose. He therefore resorted to the concept of 'semi-presidential government': The characteristics of the concept are (Duverger 1974: 122, 1978: 28, 1980: 166):
   1. The president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage,
   2. The president possesses considerable powers and
   3. The president has opposite him a prime minister who possesses executive and governmental powers and can stay in office only if parliament does not express its opposition to this prime minister.
5. ^
6. ^
7. ^ . Government and Opposition. 46 (3): 392–409. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01345.x. S2CID 145748468.
8. ^ 2026.
9. ^ . APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper. SSRN 1644026 2017.
10. ^ 2017 – via Google Books.
11. ^ . Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. United States: University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original(PDF) on 19 August 2008 2017.
12. ^ . Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego. French Politics. 3 (3): 323–351. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. ISSN 1476-3427. OCLC 6895745903 2017.
13. ^ (PDF). Political Science Quarterly (quarterly). 105 (2): 243–267. doi:10.2307/2151025. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2151025. OCLC 4951242513 2017.
14. ^
15. ^
16. ^
17. ^ 170. ISBN . LCCN 2011942386 2017 – via Google Books.
18. ^ 2024.
19. ^
20. ^ . Japanese Journal of Political Science. 9 (3): 323–340. doi:10.1017/S1468109908003162. ISSN 1468-1099.
21. ^ 351. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087.
22. ^ 64. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021 2021.
23. ^
24. ^ 2024.
25. ^
26. ^ 261. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2018.1465251. S2CID 158492144.
27. ^
28. ^ . ISSN 1476-3427. OCLC 6895745903.
29. ^