Junker (Prussia)

Prussian Junkers (; German:) were members of the landed nobility in the eastern part of Prussia from the late Middle Ages until the end of World War II. The large manorial estates over which Junkers had special rights of legal jurisdiction and law enforcement were initially worked by serfs in inherited servitude. Over time, the manors moved towards market agriculture and serfdom was abolished in 1807, but semi-feudal elements that contrasted sharply with agricultural practices in the rest of Germany remained on the large-scale Junker estates.

In the early eighteenth century, Junkers solidified a prominent role in the Prussian government and military. They filled many high-ranking positions in the administration of the state and provided the majority of the army's officers. When Prussia obtained a constitution mid-century, Junkers came to dominate both houses of the parliament, giving them an all but certain veto power over legislation. Under the German Empire (1871–1918), the Junkers' economic situation worsened and many estates fell into debt, but their political position remained strong, and their values of military honour, duty and loyalty were emulated by Prussia's upper classes.

During the Weimar Republic era (1918–1933), Junkers lost much of their power in the military and politics, although they retained enough influence to obtain significant subsidies for their indebted estates through the Eastern Aid program. Although many Junkers held important military positions under the Nazi government (1933–1945), there were others who were involved in the resistance against Adolf Hitler. At the end of World War II, the Russians drove Junkers from their estates and destroyed their manors. A large percentage of former Junker land was in the region from which Germans were expelled after it was ceded to Poland or the USSR. In what became East Germany, all landholdings over 100 acres were expropriated. Junkers as a class ceased to exist in 1945.