Kurdish refugees

Lead figuresNumberCasualties and lossesEstimated casualtiesDeaths48,400–140,600 (Iraqi–Kurdish conflict of 1991), other conflicts unknownInjuriesWidespread; exact numbers unavailableArrestedThousands of Kurdish activists and civiliansDamageSevere damage to Kurdish cities and villagesThousands of homes and infrastructure destroyedDetainedMass detentions of Kurdish populations during crackdownsChargedThousands under terrorism or rebellion-related chargesFinedSignificant economic losses to displaced communitiesLong-term consequencesEstablishment of Kurdish diaspora worldwide; ongoing tensions and humanitarian crisesThe Kurdish refugee crisis remains one of the most protracted and unresolved in modern history.

The problem of Kurdish refugees and displaced people arose in the 20th century in West Asia, and continues today. The Kurds, are an ethnic group mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey.

Displacements of Kurds had already been happening within the Ottoman Empire, on the pretext of suppressing Kurdish rebellions, over the period of its domination of the northern Fertile Crescent and the adjacent areas of the Zagros and Taurus Mountains. In the early 20th century, the Christian minorities of the Ottoman Empire suffered genocide (especially during World War I and the Turkish War of Independence), and many Kurds whose tribes were perceived to oppose the Turks were displaced at the same time.

In Iraq, suppression of Kurdish aspirations for autonomy and independence have descended into armed conflict since the 1919 Mahmud Barzanji revolts. Displacement of people became most severe during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict and the parallel Arabization programs of the Ba'athist regime, which looked to cleanse Iraqi Kurdistan of its Kurdish majority. Tens of thousands of Kurds became displaced and fled the war zones following the First and Second Iraqi–Kurdish War in the 1960s and 1970s. The Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s, the first Gulf War in the early 1990s, and subsequent rebellions altogether created several million primarily Kurdish refugees, who mostly found refuge in Iran, while others dispersed into the Kurdish diaspora in Europe and the Americas. Iran alone provided asylum for 1,400,000 Iraqi refugees, mostly Kurds, who had been uprooted as a result of the first Gulf War (1990–91) and the subsequent rebellions. Today, a large portion of the Kurdish population is composed of displaced Kurdish refugees and their descendants.