Kumul Rebellion

Belligerents

Republic of China

• Ma clique

Xinjiang clique

• White Russians

Soviet UnionTurkic Islamic Republic of East TurkestanCommanders and leaders

• Chiang Kai-shek
• Ma Zhongying
• Ma Hushan
• Ma Zhancang
• Zhang Peiyuan†
• Huang Shaohong
• Yulbars Khan
• Khoja Niyaz (until July 1933)

• Jin Shuren
• Zhang Peiyuan†
• Ma Shaowu
• Khoja Niyaz (after July 1933)
• Pavel Pappengut

• Muhammad Amin Bughra
• Khoja Niyaz
• Osman Batur
• Abdullah Bughra†
• Nur Ahmadjan Bughra†
• Timur Beg†
• Osman Ali
• Tawfiq Bay (WIA)
• Sabit Damolla

Units involved

National Revolutionary Army

• New 36th Division
• Kumulik Uyghurs

Han, Hui, and White Russian troops Uyghur and Kyrgyz local fighters, as well as Afghan volunteersStrength Around 10,000 Hui cavalry and infantry, 15,000 Han infantry, and several thousand Kumul Khanate loyalists Several thousand Han troops, 250 White Russians, some Hui troops ThousandsCasualties and losses Thousands

The Kumul Rebellion (Chinese: 哈密暴動; pinyin: Hāmì bàodòng; lit. 'Hami Uprising') was a rebellion from 1931 to 1934 of KumulikUyghurs who conspired with Hui Chinese Muslim General Ma Zhongying to overthrow Jin Shuren, the governor of Xinjiang Province. The Kumulik Uyghurs were loyal to the Kumul Khanate and wanted to restore the heir to the khanate and overthrow Jin. The Kuomintang wanted Jin removed because of his unapproved negotiations with the Soviet Union, so Chinese Premier Chiang Kai-shek secretly approved of the operation while ostensibly acknowledging Jin as governor. The rebellion eventually catapulted into large-scale fighting as Khotanlik Uyghur rebels in Southern Xinjiang started a separate rebellion for independence in collusion with Kyrgyz rebels. The various groups of rebels were not united and some even fought each other.