Kresna-Razlog Uprising

Footnotes

1. ^
2. ^
3. ^
4. ^
5. ^
6. ^
7. ^ 15. ISBN . To press the case, in January 1879, five chetas entered Macedonia from Bulgaria, apparently assisted by Edinstvo groups. In the end about three thousand bashibozuks (Muslim irregulars) engaged 568 insurgents, nearly all of them from Bulgaria, north of Melnik at Kresna Gorge, in a battle that lasted two days. When it was over, all the guerrillas had been killed. Although few Slavs from Macedonia actually participated, some revolutionaries paradoxically complained about what they regarded as the low level of support received from Bulgaria.
8. ^
9. ^ 231. doi:10.1163/187633379X00210.
10. ^
11. ^ 58. ISBN .
12. ^ 133. ISBN .
13. ^
14. ^
15. ^
16. ^
17. ^
18. ^ 8. doi:10.11649/sm.1920.
19. ^ 208. ISBN .
20. ^
21. ^
22. ^
23. ^
24. ^
25. ^
26. ^
27. ^
28. ^
29. ^
30. ^
31. ^
32. ^
33. ^
34. ^ 132. ISBN . Macedonian historians refer to some data from the anti-Ottoman movement for national "liberation" which presumably confirm a certain attempt for emancipation vis-à-vis the neighboring nations and a more "ethnic" usage of the term "Macedonians." The latter is to be found in the so-called "Rules Constitution" of a "Committee of the Macedonian Uprising" as well as in its "Military directives" that are deemed to be composed during the ill-fated uprising of Kresna-Razlog in the autumn of 1878. These documents trace a project of administrative structure of a future autonomous Macedonian state while the Slavs from the region are named "Macedonians" instead of Bulgarians or Serbs. The Bulgarian historians denounce the authenticity of both documents. But even if one assumes that they are authentic, they were literally "excavated" by modern historians: the marginal influence of theirs is confirmed by the fact that they left virtually no trace in the public sphere of the late 19th century.
35. ^ 37. ISBN . Until the late nineteenth century both outside observers and those Bulgaro-Macedonians who had an ethnic consciousness believed that their group, which is now two separate nationalities, comprised a single people, the Bulgarians. Thus the reader should ignore references to ethnic Macedonians in the Middle Ages which appear in some modern works. In the Middle Ages and into the nineteenth century, the term Macedonian was used entirely in reference to a geographical region. Anyone who lived within its confines, regardless of nationality, could be called a Macedonian. Nevertheless, the absence of a national consciousness in the past is no grounds to reject the Macedonians as a nationality today.
36. ^
37. ^
38. ^ 58. ISBN . Macedonian historians naturally challenge the unity of the Bulgarian people. They stress the local character of an uprising which was later taken over by the Bulgarians...It is stressed that the uprising was called the Macedonian uprising by the insurgents. Here we encounter the problem that in many sources the population is called Macedonian Bulgarians. In most cases it is not clear if the words Macedonia/Macedonian have anything else than a regional (as opposed to national) sense.
39. ^
40. ^
41. ^
42. ^