Kingdom of Norway (1814)

In 1814, the Kingdom of Norway briefly tried to regain independence. Although legally a separate kingdom, since the 16th century it shared the monarch with Denmark. Norway was a subordinate partner in the combined state, whose government was based in Copenhagen. Due to its alliance with France during the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark was forced to sign the Treaty of Kiel in January 1814 ceding Norway to Sweden.

However, many Norwegians were inspired by nationalism and resented being transferred without their consent to Sweden, their traditional rival. Led by Christian Frederick, who was Denmark's representative in Norway and also the king of Denmark's cousin and heir presumptive, Norway tried to assert its rights as an independent state. In May 1814, a government and constitution were established which named Christian Frederick king of Norway.

The new Norwegian state did not gain support or recognition from any foreign power, and lost a two-week war with Sweden in summer 1814. However, the resulting Convention of Moss preserved many of the independence movement's aspirations: Norway remained mostly autonomous in a personal union with Sweden, and retained its new constitution with slight modifications. Christian Frederick, forced to abdicate as king of Norway, would become king of Denmark as Christian VIII in 1839. Norway would eventually fully break away from Sweden in 1905.