Kazakh Khanate

The Kazakh Khanate, also known as the Kazakh Khanates or Qazaq Khanate was a nomadic state in Central Asia that existed from c. 1465 to the early 19th century. It emerged after the fragmentation of the Golden Horde.

By the end of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century, the Kazakhs consolidated their political power and established control over the vast steppe territories east of the Caspian Sea and north of the Aral Sea, extending as far as the upper reaches of the Irtysh River and the western foothills of the Altai Mountains. During the reigns of Burunduk Khan and Kasym Khan, the Kazakhs came to control nearly the entire steppe region. A widely held view is that the reign of Kasym Khan marked the beginning of an independent Kazakh state. Under his rule, Kazakh authority extended from the territory of present-day southeastern Kazakhstan to the Ural Mountains.

In the 17th–18th centuries, the Khanate experienced a period of sharp decline, and centralized authority among the Kazakhs weakened or effectively disappeared amid the rise of numerous small local rulers. After the death of Tauke Khan, the khanate, in effect, split into three independent khanates. The Kazakh Khanate was the first chronologically established nation-state in Central Asia created by the modern ethnic group itself rather than its predecessors or historical ancestors, and it existed until the early 19th century, longer than other post-Jochid states.