Judiciary of the Philippines

The judiciary of the Philippines consists of the Supreme Court, which is established by the Constitution, and three levels of lower courts, which are established by law by the Congress of the Philippines. The Supreme Court has expansive powers, including the authority to overrule political and administrative decisions, and the ability to craft rules and law without precedent. It further determines the rules of procedure for lower courts, and its members sit on electoral tribunals.

Below the Supreme Court is the Court of Appeals, which also has nationwide jurisdiction, with different divisions based in different regions of the country. Decisions from this court may only be appealed to the Supreme Court. Below this level are Regional Trial Courts, which are spread throughout the country among judicial regions. Some of these courts are specialized to deal with certain types of cases. Below these courts are the first-level Metropolitan and Municipal Trial Courts, which are located in cities and municipalities throughout the country.

Outside the regular court system, special courts have been set up to deal with particular cases. These include the Court of Tax Appeals and the Sandiganbayan, which are considered equivalent to the Court of Appeals. In some parts of the country, Sharia courts have been established. Outside the court system, a number of quasi-judicial bodies have powers established by law.

The Supreme Court was given its expansive powers following the period of martial law, during which the executive dominated. While the Judiciary oversees the other branches of government, judges are appointed by the President of the Philippines from a shortlist submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council, a body the president can influence.