JVM Languages

This list of JVM languages comprises notable computer programming languages that are used to produce computer software that runs on the Java virtual machine (JVM). A Java program interprets some of these languages, and others are compiled to JVM bytecode and just-in-time (JIT) compiled during execution, as with regular Java programs, to improve performance. The JVM was initially designed to support only the Java language. However, over time, additional languages were adapted or designed to run on the Java platform. JVM languagesHigh-profile languagesAs of February 2026, according to the TIOBE index of the top 100 programming languages, and PyPL, the top JVM languages are: Java (#4, at one point at #1; #3 at PyPL, after "C/C++" as 2nd), a statically-typedobject-oriented languageKotlin (#20; #18, and at one point at #13, at PyPL), a statically-typed language from JetBrains, the developers of IntelliJ IDEA, and Google's preferred language for AndroidScala (#39, at one point at #20; #22 at PyPL), a statically-typed object-oriented and functional programming languageGroovy (no longer in top 50, is one of 51–100, at one point at #15; #30 at PyPL), a dynamic programming language (also w