India Stack

India Stack is a collection of government-operated digital public infrastructure systems in India. The term encompasses identity verification (Aadhaar), payments (UPI), document storage (DigiLocker), and data sharing layers–each governed by separate government bodies with distinct legal frameworks.

The systems within the India Stack have achieved significant scale, with UPI processing over 10billion monthly transactions and Aadhaar covering 1.4billion residents. India Stack has been credited with supporting India's digital economy, financial inclusion, and e-government initiatives. It has also faced criticism regarding welfare exclusion linked to biometric authentication failures, and concerns around privacy, consent, and digital divide.