Gothic War (535–554)

The Gothic War between the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian I and the Ostrogoths (Goths) took place from 535 to 554 in the Italian Peninsula, Dalmatia, Sardinia, Sicily, and Corsica. It was the last of the Gothic wars against the Byzantine Empire. The war had its roots in Justinian's ambition to recover the provinces of the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost to invading barbarian tribes during the Migration Period.

The war followed the Byzantine reconquest of the diocese of Africa from the Vandals. Historians commonly divide the Gothic War into two phases. The first phase starts in 535 with the reconquest of Italy by the Byzantines with Belisarius as the commander-in-chief and ends in 540 with the fall of Ravenna, the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom. The second phase, which lasted from 540/541 to 554, featured a Gothic revival under Totila that was suppressed only after a long struggle by the Byzantine general Narses. The Byzantines also had to repel an invasion in 554 by the Franks, who were initially allies of the Byzantines but were also in secret with the Goths.

In 554, Justinian promulgated a pragmatic sanction that prescribed Italy's new government. Several cities in northern Italy held out against Constantinople until 562. By the end of the war, Italy had been devastated and depopulated. It was seen as a pyrrhic victory for the Byzantines, who were unable to resist an invasion by the Lombards in 568, resulting in Constantinople permanently losing control of large parts of the Italian peninsula.