German revolution of 1918–1919

Before November 9th 1918:
German Empire

• Imperial Army

After November 9th 1918:
Weimar Republic

• Freikorps
• Reichswehr
• Der Stahlhelm
• SPD

Revolutionaries:

• SPD (until 9 Nov. 1918)
• USPD (from 9 Nov. 1918)
• Spartacus League
• KPD (from 30 Dec. 1918)
• IKD
• Revolutionary Stewards
• FVdG

Soviet Republics:

• People's State of Bavaria
• Bavarian Soviet Republic
• Bremen Soviet Republic
• Würzburg Soviet Republic
• Alsace–Lorraine Soviet Republic

The German revolution of 1918–1919, also known as the November Revolution (German: Novemberrevolution), brought down the German Empire at the end of World War I and set the stage for the establishment of the Weimar Republic. The revolution was sparked by the hardships suffered by the German people during the war, the economic and psychological impacts of the Empire's defeat, and the social tensions between the general populace and the aristocratic, military and bourgeois elite. It quickly and almost bloodlessly brought down the Empire by 9 November 1918, then in its second and more violent stage, the supporters of a parliamentary republic defeated those who wanted to create a soviet-style council republic.

The revolution began on 29 October 1918 when sailors at Kiel mutinied against orders to sail out against the British fleet. They established a revolutionary workers' and soldiers' council and in early November spread the revolt across Germany. Councils took power from the existing military, royal and civil authorities with little resistance or bloodshed. The revolution reached Berlin on 9 November, a republic was proclaimed, and Emperor Wilhelm II fled to Holland the next day.

On 10 November, the Council of the People's Deputies was formed as a provisional government by members of Germany's two main socialist parties. Under the leadership of Friedrich Ebert, it kept most of the imperial officer corps, administration and judiciary in place so that it could use their expertise to address the crises of the moment.

Those on the left wing of the revolution wanted to nationalise key industries, democratise the military and set up a council republic, but the moderates had control of most of the workers' and soldiers' councils and blocked any substantial movement towards their goals. The split between the moderate and radical socialists erupted into violence in the last days of 1918. The Spartacist uprising in January 1919 failed in its attempt to create a dictatorship of the proletariat and led to the murders of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht by members of the Freikorps. Into the spring, there were additional violently suppressed efforts to push the revolution further in the direction of a council republic, as well as short-lived local soviet republics, notably in Bavaria, Bremen and Würzburg.

The revolution's end date is generally given as 11 August 1919, the day the Weimar Constitution was adopted, but in many ways the revolution remained incomplete. It failed to resolve the fracture in the Left between moderate socialists and communists, while anti-democratic voices from the imperial government remained in positions of power. The Weimar Republic was from its birth under great pressure from both those on the Left and the Right who sought to undermine and replace it. In the end, the far Right was successful, and the Weimar Republic came to an end with the ascent of Hitler and the National Socialist Party.