ToeToes are the digits of the foot of a tetrapod. Animal species such as cats that walk on their toes are described as being digitigrade. Humans, and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet, are described as being plantigrade; unguligrade animals are those that walk on hooves at the tips of their toes. StructureThere are normally five toes present on each human foot.
AnkleThe ankle or the talocrural region is the area where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle includes three joints: the ankle joint proper or talocrural joint, the subtalar joint, and the inferior tibiofibular joint. The movements produced at this joint are dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot. In common usage, the term ankle refers exclusively to the ankle region.
TibiaThe tibia (; pl.: tibiae or tibias), also known as the shinbone, shankbone or simply the shin, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outside of the tibia); it connects the knee with the ankle. The tibia is found on the medial side of the leg next to the fibula and closer to the median plane.
Subtalar jointIn human anatomy, the subtalar joint, also known as the talocalcaneal joint, is a joint of the foot. It occurs at the meeting point of the talus and the calcaneus. The joint is classed structurally as a synovial joint, and functionally as a plane joint.
CalcaneusThe calcaneus (; from the Latin calcaneus or calcaneum, meaning heel; pl.: calcanei or calcanea) or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the heel. In humans, it attaches several muscles and the plantar fascia. In some animals, it is the point of the hock. StructureIn humans, the calcaneus is the largest of the tarsal bones and the largest bone of the foot. Its long axis is pointed forwards and laterally.
FibulaThe fibula (pl.: fibulae or fibulas) or calf bone is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the knee joint and excluded from the formation of this joint.Talus boneThe talus (; Latin for ankle or ankle bone; pl.: tali), talus bone, astragalus (), or ankle bone is one of the group of foot bones known as the tarsus. The tarsus forms the lower part of the ankle joint. It transmits the entire weight of the body from the lower legs to the foot. The talus has joints with the two bones of the lower leg, the tibia and thinner fibula. These leg bones have two prominences (the lateral and medial malleoli) that articulate with the talus.
Interosseous membrane of legThe interosseous membrane of the leg (middle tibiofibular ligament) is a fibrous membrane which extends between the of the tibia and fibula that helps stabilize the bones’ relationship and separates the muscles on the front from those on the back. DescriptionIt consists of a thin aponeurotic joint composed of oblique fibers running downward and laterally, with a few passing transversely. Broader above than below, its upper margin does not quite reach the tibiofibular joint.
Animal locomotionSelf-propulsion by an animalA beetle larva in rectilinear locomotionIn ethology, animal locomotion is any of a variety of methods that animals use to move from one place to another. Some modes of locomotion are (initially) self-propelled, e.g., running, swimming, jumping, flying, hopping, soaring and gliding.
LegA leg is a weight-bearing and locomotive anatomical structure, usually having a columnar shape. During locomotion, legs function as "extensible struts". The combination of movements at all joints can be modeled as a single, linear element capable of changing length and rotating about an omnidirectional "hip" joint. As an anatomical animal structure, it is used for locomotion. The distal end is often modified to distribute force (such as a foot).Limb (anatomy)A limb (from Old English lim, meaning "body part") is a jointed, muscled appendage of tetrapod vertebrate animals used for weight-bearing, terrestrial locomotion and physical interaction with other objects. The distalmost portion of a limb is known as its extremity.
VertebrateSubphylum of chordatesVertebrates (), also called craniates, are animals with a vertebral column and a cranium. The vertebral column surrounds and protects the spinal cord, while the cranium protects the brain. The vertebrates make up the subphylumVertebrata ( ) with some 65,000 species, by far the largest ranked grouping in the phylumChordata. The vertebrates include mammals, birds, amphibians, and various classes of fishes and reptiles.
Metatarsal bonesThe metatarsal bones, collectively the metatarsus (pl.: metatarsi), are a group of five long bones in the midfoot, located between the tarsal bones (which form the heel and the ankle) and the phalanges (toes). Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (the side of the great toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal (often depicted with Roman numerals). The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand.
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