SpectrometerA spectrometer () is a scientific instrument used to separate and measure spectral components of a physical phenomenon. Spectrometer is a broad term often used to describe instruments that measure a continuous variable of a phenomenon where the spectral components are somehow mixed. In visible light a spectrometer can separate white light and measure individual narrow bands of color, called a spectrum.
Cytherocentric orbitOrbit around planet Venus Animation of JAXA probe Akatsuki's trajectory around Venus from 1 December 2015 Akatsuki · Venus A Cytherocentric orbit is an orbit around the planet Venus. Venus has no moon, but several man-made objects orbit the planet. The name is analogous to the term geocentric orbit for an orbit around Earth and heliocentric orbit for an orbit around the Sun.
MagnetometerA magnetometer is a device that measures magnetic field (B) or magnetic dipole moment. Different types of magnetometers measure the direction, strength, or relative change of the magnetic B-field at a particular location. A compass is one such device, one that measures the direction of an ambient magnetic field, in this case, the Earth's magnetic field.
VenusSecond planet from the SunSurface absorbed doserate2.1×10 μGy/hSurface equivalent doserate2.2×10 μSv/h0.092–22 μSv/h at cloud levelApparent magnitude−4.92 to −2.98Absolute magnitude (H)−4.4Angular diameter9.7″–66.0″AtmosphereSurface pressure93 bar (9.3 MPa)92 atmComposition by volume96.5% carbon dioxide3.5% nitrogen0.015% sulphur dioxide0.0070% argon0.0020% water vapour0.0017% carbon monoxide0.0012% helium0.0007% neonTrace carbonyl sulfideTrace hydrogen chlorideTrace hydrogen fluoride^Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts Ishtar Terra in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°.
Solar panelA solar panel is a device that converts sunlight into electricity by using multiple solar modules that consist of photovoltaic (PV) cells. PV cells are made of materials that produce excited electrons when exposed to light. These electrons flow through a circuit and produce direct current electricity, which can be used to power various devices or be stored in batteries. Solar panels can be known as solar cell panels, or solar electric panels.
MicrometreThe micrometre (micrometer in US spelling; symbol: μm) is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equalling 10 metre (SI standard prefix "micro-" = 10); that is, one millionth of a metre (or one thousandth of a millimetre, 0.001 mm, or about 0.00004inch). It is also known as the micron.
PolarimeterA polarimeter is a scientific instrument used to measure optical rotation: the angle of rotation caused by passing linearly polarized light through an optically active substance. Some chemical substances are optically active, and linearly polarized (uni-directional) light will rotate either to the left (counter-clockwise) or right (clockwise) when passed through these substances. The amount by which the light is rotated is known as the angle of rotation.Uncrewed spacecraftSpacecraft without people on boardTop: The uncrewed resupply vessel Progress M-06M (left). Galileo space probe, prior to departure from Earth orbit in 1989 (right). Bottom: Spaceplane Buran was launched, orbited Earth, and landed as an uncrewed spacecraft in 1988 (left). Model of James Webb Space Telescope (right).
Coordinated Universal TimeCoordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the primary time standard globally used to regulate clocks and time. It establishes a reference for the current time, forming the basis for civil time and time zones. UTC facilitates international communication, navigation, scientific research, and commerce. UTC has been widely embraced by most countries and is the effective successor to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) in everyday usage and common applications.
Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from its formation in 1922 until its dissolution in 1991. It was the world's third-most populous country, the largest by area, and bordered twelve other countries.
Literal translationLiteral translation, direct translation, word-for-word translation, word-by-word translation, or word-to-word translation is the translation of a text done by translating each word separately without analysing how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. In translation theory, another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation).
Russian languageRussian is an East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is the native language of the Russian people. Russian was the de facto (and de jure in its final years) official language of the former Soviet Union.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.