Maria Skyllas-KazacosMaria Skyllas-Kazacos (born 1951) is an Australian chemical engineer best known for her pioneering work of the vanadium redox battery, which she created at the University of New South Wales in the 1980s. Her design used sulfuric acid electrolytes and was patented by the university. In 1999, she was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia "for service to science and technology, particularly in the development of the vanadium redox battery as an alternative power source".Flow batteryA flow battery, or redox flow battery (after reduction–oxidation), is a type of electrochemical cell where chemical energy is provided by two chemical components dissolved in liquids that are pumped through the system on separate sides of a membrane. Ion transfer inside the cell (accompanied by current flow through an external circuit) occurs across the membrane while the liquids circulate in their respective spaces.
Grid energy storageGrid energy storage, also known as large-scale energy storage, is a set of technologies connected to the electrical power grid that store energy for later use. These systems help balance supply and demand by storing excess electricity from variable renewables such as solar and inflexible sources like nuclear power, releasing it when needed. They further provide essential grid services, such as helping to restart the grid after a power outage.
VanadiumChemical element with atomic number 23 (V)–↑V↓Nbtitanium ← vanadium → chromium
University of New South WalesAustralian universityThe University of New South Wales (UNSW) is a publicresearch university based in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was established in 1949. The university consists of seven faculties, through which it offers bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees. Its main campus is in the Sydney eastern suburb of Kensington, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the Sydney central business district (CBD).
Sulfuric acidChemical compound (H2SO4)Names IUPAC nameSulfuric acidOther names Oil of vitriolHydrogen sulfateDihydrogen sulfateIdentifiers CAS Number7664-93-93D model (JSmol)Interactive imageChEBICHEBI:26836ChEMBLChEMBL572964ChemSpider1086ECHA InfoCard100.028.763EC Number231-639-5E numberE513 (acidity regulators, ...)Gmelin Reference2122 KEGGD05963PubChemCID1118RTECS numberWS5600000UNIIO40UQP6WCFUN number1830 CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID5029683InChIInChI=1S/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)Key: QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)Key: QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYACSMILESOS(=O)(=O)OProperties Chemical formulaH2SO4, sometimes expressed (HO)2SO2 Molar mass98.07 g·mol Appearance Colorless viscous liquid OdorOdorless Density1.8302 g/cm, liquid Melting point10.31 °C (50.56 °F; 283.46 K) Boiling point337 °C (639 °F; 610 K) When sulfuric acid is above 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K), it gradually decomposes to SO3 + H2OSolubility in watermiscible, exothermic Vapor pressure0.001 mmHg (20 °C) Acidity (pKa) pKa1 = strongpKa2 = 2.0 Conjugate baseBisulfateViscosity26.7 cP (20 °C) Structure Crystal structuremonoclinic Space groupC2/c Lattice constanta = 818.1(2) pm, b = 469.60(10) pm, c = 856.3(2) pmα = 90°, β = 111.39(3)°, γ = 90°Formula units (Z)4 Thermochemistry Std molarentropy(S298)157 J/(mol·K) Std enthalpy offormation(ΔfH298)−814 kJ/mol Enthalpy of vaporization(ΔfHvap)56 kJ/mol Hazards GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordDangerHazard statementsH290, H314Precautionary statementsP260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, P501NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 302WOXFlash pointNon-flammable Threshold limit value (TLV)15 mg/m (IDLH), 1 mg/m (TWA), 2 mg/m (STEL) Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose)2140 mg/kg (rat, oral) LC50 (median concentration)50 mg/m (guinea pig, 8 h)510 mg/m (rat, 2 h)320 mg/m (mouse, 2 h)18 mg/m (guinea pig)LCLo (lowest published)87 mg/m (guinea pig, 2.75 h) NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible)TWA 1 mg/m REL (Recommended)TWA 1 mg/m IDLH (Immediate danger)15 mg/m Related compounds Related strong acidsSelenic acidHydrochloric acidNitric acidPerchloric acidFluoroantimonic acidChromic acidRelated compoundsSulfurous acidPeroxymonosulfuric acidSulfur trioxideOleumExcept where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).N verify ( ?)Charge carrierIn solid state physics, a charge carrier is a particle or quasiparticle that is free to move, carrying an electric charge, especially the particles that carry electric charges in electrical conductors. Examples are electrons, ions and holes. In a conducting medium, an electric field can exert force on these free particles, causing a net motion of the particles through the medium; this is what constitutes an electric current.
Lithium-ion batteryType of rechargeable batteryA lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible intercalation of lithium ions (Li) into electronically conducting solids to store energy. There are many different varieties, which are usually categorized by the materials used in the cathode.
United States Department of EnergyThe United States Department of Energy (DOE) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government that oversees national energy policy and energy production, the research and development of nuclear power, the military's nuclear weapons program, nuclear reactor production for the United States Navy, energy-related research, and energy conservation. The DOE was created in 1977 in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis.Oxidation stateIn chemistry, the oxidation state, or oxidation number, is the hypothetical charge of an atom assuming all of its bonds to other atoms are fully ionic. It describes the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound. Conceptually, the oxidation state may be positive, negative or zero. In a binary compound like KCl, oxidation state of +1 for K implies it has donated an electron Cl, which will have an oxidation state of -1.
European CommissionExecutive branch of the European UnionOverviewEstablished16 January 1958; 68 years ago (1958-01-16)Country27 member states Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain SwedenPolityEuropean UnionLeaderPresident of the Commission (Ursula von der Leyen since 1 December 2019)Appointed byNominated by the European Council and elected by the European ParliamentMain organCollege of CommissionersMinistries33Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentBudgetClimate ActionCommunicationCommunications Networks, Content and TechnologyCompetitionEconomic and Financial AffairsEducation and CultureEmployment, Social Affairs and InclusionEnergyEnvironmentEuropean Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid OperationsEurostatFinancial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets UnionHealth and Food SafetyHuman Resources and SecurityInformaticsInternal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEsInternational Cooperation and DevelopmentInterpretationJoint Research CentreJustice and ConsumersMaritime Affairs and FisheriesMigration and Home AffairsMobility and TransportNeighbourhood and Enlargement NegotiationsRegional and Urban PolicyResearch and InnovationTaxation and Customs UnionTradeTranslationResponsible toEuropean ParliamentHeadquartersBrussels, BelgiumLuxembourg City, LuxembourgWebsitecommission.europa.euThe Berlaymont building in Brussels, seat of the European CommissionThe European Commission (EC) is the executivecabinet of the European Union.
Levelized cost of electricityThe levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is a measure of the average net present cost of electricity generation for a generator over its lifetime. It is one of several cost metrics used for investment planning and to compare different methods of electricity generation on a consistent basis. The more general term levelized cost of energy may include the costs of either electricity or heat.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.