University of CambridgeThe University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209, the University of Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's third-oldest university in continuous operation. The university's founding followed the arrival of scholars who left the University of Oxford for Cambridge after a dispute with local townspeople.
University of OxfordThe University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world’s second-oldest university in continuous operation. It grew rapidly from 1167, when Henry II prohibited English students from attending the University of Paris.
St AndrewsSt Andrews (Scottish Gaelic: Cill Rìmhinn) is a coastal university town on the east coast of Fife in Scotland, 10 miles (16 kilometres) southeast of Dundee and 30 miles (50 kilometres) northeast of Edinburgh. St Andrews had a population of 16,460 in 2022, making it Fife's fourth-largest settlement and the 45th most populous settlement in Scotland. The town is named after Saint Andrew the Apostle.
Public universityA public university, state university, or public college is a university or college that is owned by the state or that receives significant funding from a government. Whether a national university is considered "public" varies from one country (or region) to another, largely depending on the specific education landscape. In contrast a private university is usually owned and operated by a private corporation (not-for-profit or for profit).
Ancient universities of ScotlandThe ancient universities of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Oilthighean ann an Alba) are medieval and renaissance universities that continue to exist in the present day. Together, the four universities are the oldest universities in continuous operation in the English-speaking world after the universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
Research universityA research university or a research-intensive university is a university that is committed to research as a central part of its mission. They are "the key sites of knowledge production", along with "intergenerational knowledge transfer and the certification of new knowledge" through the awarding of doctoral degrees, and continue to be "the very center of scientific productivity". They can be public or private, and often have well-known brand names.
List of oldest universities in continuous operationThis is a list of the oldest existing universities in continuous operation in the world. Inclusion in this list is determined by the date at which the educational institute is generally recognised as having become a university by academic historians, although it may have existed as a different kind of institution before that time.
ScotlandScotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, consisting of the northern part of the island of Great Britain and adjacent islands, principally in the archipelagos of the Hebrides and the Northern Isles. In 2022, the country's population was about 5.4 million. Its capital city is Edinburgh, whilst Glasgow is the largest and the most populous of the cities in the country.
English-speaking worldThe English-speaking world comprises the 88 countries and territories in which English is an official, administrative, or cultural language. In the 2000s, between one and two billion people spoke English, making it the largest language by number of speakers, the third largest language by number of native speakers and the most widespread language geographically. The countries in which English is the native language of most people are sometimes termed the Anglosphere.
Scots languageScots is a language variety of West Germanic origin. It is an Anglic language and descended from Early Middle English; therefore, Modern Scots is a sister language of Modern English. Scots is classified as an official language of Scotland, a regional or minority language of Europe, and a vulnerable language by UNESCO. In a Scottish census from 2022, over 1.5 million people in Scotland (of its total population of 5.4 million people) reported being able to speak Scots.Papal bullA papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by the pope of the Catholic Church. It is named after the leaden seal (bulla) traditionally appended to authenticate it. HistoryPapal bulls have been in use at least since the 6th century, but the phrase was not used until around the end of the 13th century, and then only internally for unofficial administrative purposes.
Antipope Benedict XIIIPedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor (1342 – 23 May 1423), known as el Papa Luna or Pope Luna, was an Aragonese nobleman who was antipope with the regnal name Benedict XIII during the Western Schism.
AugustiniansAugustinians are members of several religious orders that follow the Rule of Saint Augustine, written about A.D. 400 by Augustine of Hippo.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.