Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil warBelligerentsSyriaTurkeyCommanders and leadersBashar al-AssadAli Abdullah AyyoubAli Mahmoud AbbasAbdullah Gül (until 2014)Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Necdet ÖzelCasualties and losses 12 soldiers killed 23 soldiers wounded(Syrian opposition claim) 5 civilians killedAs the civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war turned into an all-out civil war, the 911-kilometre-long (600 mi) Syria–Turkey border became the scene of minor military clashes between the Turkish Army and various factions in the war to the south.
2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdownOn 22 June 2012, a Turkish McDonnell Douglas RF-4E Phantom II reconnaissance jet was intercepted and shot down by the Syrian Army in international airspace, after having violated Syrian airspace. The jet's pilots were killed; both Turkish and Syrian forces searched for them before recovering their bodies in early July.
Syrian Arab Armed Forces (Ba'athist Syria)Combined military forces of Ba'athist Syria Syrian Arab Armed Forcesالقوات المسلحة العربية السورية Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed ForcesCoat of arms of the Syrian Arab Armed ForcesMottoوطن، شرف، إخلاصWatan, Sharaf, Ikhlas("Homeland, Honor, Sincerity")Founded1963; 63 years ago (1963)DisbandedDe facto: 8 December 2024De jure: 29 January 2025Service branchesSyrian Arab ArmySyrian Arab Air ForceSyrian Arab Air Defense ForceSyrian Arab NavyHeadquartersHay'at al-Arkan, Umayyad Square, DamascusLeadershipCommander-in-chief President Bashar al-Assad (last)Minister of Defence General Ali Mahmoud Abbas (last)Chief of the General Staff General Abdul Karim Mahmoud Ibrahim (last)PersonnelMilitary age18ConscriptionYesActive personnel170,000 (2023)Reserve personnel500,000 (2018)ExpenditureBudget$1.8 billion (2019)Percent of GDP4.5% (2020)IndustryDomestic suppliersSyrian Scientific Studies and Research Center (CERS)Établissement Industriel de la Défense (EID)Syrian Defense Laboratories (SDL)Foreign suppliers Armenia Belarus Cuba Iran Iraq North Korea Laos Pakistan Russia VenezuelaCold War-era suppliers: Czechoslovakia East Germany Libya Romania Soviet UnionRelated articlesHistoryMilitary history of SyriaRanksMilitary ranks of Syria Politics of Ba'athist Syria Constitution Provisional constitutions (1964, 1969) Constitutions (1973, 2012) Executive President (list) Vice President (list) Prime Minister (list) Deputy Prime Minister Legislature People's Assembly Speaker Judiciary High Judicial Council Supreme Constitutional Court Subdivisions Governorates Districts Subdistricts Villages Elections Presidential 1971 1978 1985 1991 1999 2000 2007 2014 2021 Parliamentary 1973 1977 1981 1986 1990 1994 1998 2003 2007 2012 2016 2020 2024 Local 2011 2018 2022 Political parties National Progressive Front Popular Front for Change and Liberation Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (Syrian Regional Branch) Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates Foreign policy of the Bashar al-Assad administration Ba'athist Syria–PKK relations Syria and the United Nations UN resolutions on Syria Status of the Golan Heights Syrian civil war Political ideologies Neo-Ba'athism Assadism (from 1971) Arab nationalism Neoliberalism (from 1991) Left-wing nationalism Militarism Syrian irredentism Anti-imperialism Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party History Central Command Control and Inspection Committee National Security Bureau Society Economy Al-Ta'addudiyya Al-Iqtisadiyya Five-Year Plan Fourth Five-Year Plan Fifth Five-Year Plan Sixth Five-Year Plan Five-Year Plan for Deregulation Ramadan Socialist Decrees Reformist program Captagon industry Infiraj Culture Militarization of the education Repression Hama massacre Human rights Media Internet censorship Tadmor Prison massacre Sednaya Prison Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war Enforced disappearances Security Military Syrian Arab Armed Forces Intelligence General Intelligence Directorate Military Intelligence Directorate Air Force Intelligence Directorate Internal security Political Security Directorate Coups Successful 1963 1966 1970 Failed July 1963 1984 Related topics Flag of Ba'athist Syria Assad family Cult of personality Assadization Axis of Resistance Corruption History of Syria Fall of the Assad regime Ba'athist Syria Politics portal Former sovereign statesvte The Syrian Arab Armed Forces (SAAF; Arabic: القوات المسلحة العربية السورية, romanized: al-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥah al-ʿArabīyah as-Sūrīyah) were the combined military forces of Ba'athist Syria.
Operation Euphrates ShieldTurkish cross-border military operationBelligerentsTurkeyTurkish-backed Free Syrian ArmySupport:United StatesRussiaUnited KingdomIslamic StateSyrian Democratic ForcesInternational Freedom BattalionSupport:United StatesSyrian Arab Republic (minor clashes)Support:RussiaCommanders and leaders Lt. Gen. Zekai Aksakallı(Operations chief commander) Lt. Gen. İsmail Metin Temel(Second Army commander) Col. Ahmed Othman(Sultan Murad Division commander)Fahim Issa(Sultan Murad Division commander)Others Brig.
2024 Syrian opposition offensivesBelligerentsSyrian OppositionSyrian Salvation GovernmentSyrian Interim GovernmentJaysh al-IzzaSuqour al-Sham BrigadesAnsar al-TawhidTurkistan Islamic Party in SyriaImam Bukhari JamaatAjnad al-KavkazJama'at Ansar al-IslamSouthern Operations RoomDecisive Battle Operations RoomBurkan al-FuratAl-Busraya RevolutionariesSyrian Free ArmySupported by:Turkey (denied by Turkey)Ukraine (denied by Ukraine)Ba'athist SyriaIranRussiaHezbollahPopular Mobilization ForcesPalestinian militiasAutonomous Administration of North and East SyriaCJTF–OIRUnited StatesCommanders and leadersAhmed al-SharaaMurhaf Abu QasraAhmad al-AwdaSalem Turki al-AntriBashar al-AssadAbdul Karim Mahmoud IbrahimSuhayl al-HasanKioumars Pourhashemi†Mazloum AbdiUnits involvedMilitary Operations CommandHay'at Tahrir al-ShamRed BandsThermal BrigadesLiwa al-Muhajireen wal-AnsarKatibat al-Tawhid wal-JihadMujahidin Ghuroba DivisionNational Front for LiberationSham LegionAhrar al-ShamJaysh al-AhrarJaysh al-Nasr Damascus Gathering Central Division 60th Infantry DivisionJaysh al-IzzaSuqour al-Sham BrigadesAnsar al-TawhidSyrian National ArmyNour al-Din al-Zenki MovementDawn of Freedom Operations RoomSultan Murad DivisionLevant FrontJaysh al-Islam Maghawir al-ShamLiberation and Construction MovementAhrar al-Sharqiya Joint Force Sultan Suleiman Shah DivisionHamza DivisionSouthern Operations Room8th BrigadeCentral CommitteeSheikh al-Karama ForcesMen of DignityAl-Jabal BrigadeDecisive Battle Operations RoomAl-Jabal BrigadeMen of DignitySheikh al-Karama Forces Faz‘at Shabab al-Jabal Saraya al-Jabal Tajammu‘ Abna’ al-Jabal Conquest of Damascus Military Operations RoomSyrian Armed ForcesSyrian ArmySyrian Air ForceNational Defense ForcesRussian Armed ForcesRussian Air ForceSpetsnaz GRUIslamic Revolutionary Guard CorpsQuds ForceRadwan ForceSyrian Democratic ForcesPeople's Defense UnitsWomen's Protection UnitsAl-Bab Military CouncilManbij Military CouncilTabqa Military CouncilSheikh Maqsoud Liberation ForcesStrength 15,000 (est.
Turkish occupation of northern SyriaThe Turkish Armed Forces and its ally the Syrian National Army had occupied areas of northern Syria from August 2016, during the Syrian civil war until 2026. Although these areas had nominally acknowledged a government affiliated with the Syrian opposition, in practice they constituted a separate proto-state under the dual authority of decentralized native local councils and Turkish military rule.Free Syrian ArmyThe Free Syrian Army (FSA; Arabic: الجيش السوري الحر, romanized: al-jaysh as-Sūrī al-ḥur) was a big-tent coalition of decentralized Syrian opposition rebel groups in the Syrian civil war founded on 29 July 2011 by Colonel Riad al-Asaad and six officers who defected from the Syrian Armed Forces.
Bashar al-AssadPersonalEarly lifeFamilyAssadismPresident of SyriaForeign policyPresidential tripsTenth Five-Year PlanOccupation of LebanonCedar RevolutionDamascus SpringStatement of 99Statement of 1000Damascus DeclarationOperation Outside the BoxCorruptionSyrian civil warArab SpringSyrian revolutionArab–Israeli conflictWar against ISISCOVID-19 pandemicRegime fallFall of Damascus (2024)Proposed handover to SyriaGovernmentsMero IIAl-OtariSafarHijabAl-Halqi IAl-Halqi IIKhamisArnous IArnous IIJalaliElections2000200720142021Bashar Hafez al-Assad (born 11September 1965) is a former Syrian politician, medical doctor, and military officer who served as the president of Syria from 2000 until his overthrow in 2024 after the Syrian civil war.
Syrian government response to the Syrian revolutionThis article details the Syrian Ba'athist government's response to protests and civilian uprisings of the Syrian revolution which began in early 2011, that unravelled the socio-political stability of Syria, eventually plunging the country into a nationwide civil war by mid-2012.
Fall of the Assad regimeOn 8 December 2024, the Assad regime in Syria collapsed during a major offensive by opposition forces. The offensive was spearheaded by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), the Syrian National Army (SNA), and the Southern Operations Room (SOR), as part of the Syrian civil war that began with the Syrian revolution in 2011.
National Intelligence OrganizationThe National Intelligence Organization (Turkish: Millî İstihbarat Teşkilatı), also known by its Turkish initials MİT or colloquially as the Organization (Teşkilat), is a national civilian intelligence and security agency of the Turkish government tasked with advancing national security through collecting and analyzing intelligence from around the world.
Islamic StateSalafi jihadist militant organisation*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.