TranscriptomeThe transcriptome is the set of all RNA molecules (transcripts) in a cell or a population of cells. It includes all of the functional RNA molecules and all other transcripts that may arise by spurious transcription or transcription of non-functional regions such as pseudogenes or virus fragments. A major goal of modern molecular biology is to determine which transcripts are functional and which ones are junk RNA.
RNA-SeqRNA-Seq (short for RNA sequencing) is a next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique used to quantify and identify RNA molecules in a biological sample, providing a snapshot of the transcriptome at a specific time. It enables transcriptome-wide analysis by sequencing cDNA derived from RNA. Modern workflows often incorporate pseudoalignment tools (such as Kallisto and Salmon) and cloud-based processing pipelines, improving speed, scalability, and reproducibility.
GenomeIn the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences (see non-coding DNA), and often a substantial fraction of junk DNA with no evident function. Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria and a small mitochondrial genome.
Microarrayfrom WiktionaryTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityA microarray is a multiplexlab-on-a-chip. Its purpose is to simultaneously detect the expression of thousands of biological interactions. It is a two-dimensional array on a solid substrate—usually a glass slide or silicon thin-film cell—that assays (tests) large amounts of biological material using high-throughput screening miniaturized, multiplexed and parallel processing and detection methods.
Messenger RNAMessenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein. mRNA is created during the process of transcription, where an enzyme (RNA polymerase) converts the gene into primary transcript mRNA (also known as pre-mRNA). This pre-mRNA usually still contains introns, regions that will not go on to code for the final amino acid sequence.
Gene expressionConversion of a gene's sequence into a mature gene product or productsFlowchart of gene expression.Gene expression is the process by which the information contained within a gene is used to produce a functional gene product, such as a protein or a functional RNA molecule. This process involves multiple steps, including the transcription of the gene's sequence into RNA.
Non-coding RNAClass of ribonucleic acid that is not translated into proteinsThe roles of non-coding RNAs: Ribonucleoproteins are shown in red, non-coding RNAs in blue.A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. The DNA sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called a non-coding gene or an RNA gene.
RNAFamily of large biological moleculesA hairpin loop from a pre-mRNA. Highlighted are the nucleobases (green) and the ribose-phosphate backbone (blue). This is a single strand of RNA that folds back upon itself. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).
Molecular biologyMolecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular structures and chemical processes that are the basis of biological activity within and between cells. It is centered largely on the study of nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA) and proteins.
Cell (biology)Basic unit of life formsThe cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life or organisms. The term comes from the Latin word cellula meaning 'small room'. A biological cell basically consists of a semipermeablecell membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains genetic material. Most cells are only visible under a microscope.
BiologyBiology is the scientific study of life and living organisms. It is a broad natural science that encompasses a wide range of fields and unifying principles that explain the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of life.
Transcription (biology)Transcription is the process of duplicating a segment of DNA into RNA for the purpose of gene expression. Some segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins, called messenger RNA (mRNA). Other segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, composed of nucleotide sequences.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.