Voltage sourceA voltage source is a two-terminal device which can maintain a fixed voltage. An ideal voltage source can maintain the fixed voltage independent of the load resistance or the output current. However, a real-world voltage source cannot supply unlimited current. A voltage source is the dual of a current source.
Electrical networkAn electrical network is an interconnection of electrical components (e.g., batteries, resistors, inductors, capacitors, switches, transistors) or a model of such an interconnection, consisting of electrical elements (e.g., voltage sources, current sources, resistances, inductances, capacitances). An electrical circuit is a network consisting of a closed loop, giving a return path for the current.Current sourceA current source is an electronic circuit that delivers or absorbs an electric current which is independent of the voltage across it. A current source is the dual of a voltage source. The term current sink is sometimes used for sources fed from a negative voltage supply. Figure 1 shows the schematic symbol for an ideal current source driving a resistive load. There are two types. An independent current source (or sink) delivers a constant current.
Electrical impedanceIn electrical engineering, impedance is the opposition to alternating current presented by the combined effect of resistance and reactance in a circuit. Quantitatively, the impedance of a two-terminal circuit element is the ratio of the complex representation of the sinusoidal voltage between its terminals, to the complex representation of the current flowing through it. In general, it depends upon the frequency of the sinusoidal voltage.Linear circuitA linear circuit is an electronic circuit which obeys the superposition principle.
Series and parallel circuitsTwo-terminal components and electrical networks can be connected in series or parallel. The resulting electrical network will have two terminals, and itself can participate in a series or parallel topology. Whether a two-terminal "object" is an electrical component (e.g. a resistor) or an electrical network (e.g. resistors in series) is a matter of perspective.
Electrical resistance and conductanceThe electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current. Its reciprocal quantity is electrical conductance, measuring the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S).
Port (circuit theory)In electrical circuit theory, a port is a pair of terminals connecting an electrical network or circuit to an external circuit, as a point of entry or exit for electrical energy. A port consists of two nodes (terminals) connected to an outside circuit which meets the port condition – the currents flowing into the two nodes must be equal and opposite. The use of ports helps to reduce the complexity of circuit analysis.
Hermann von HelmholtzGerman physicist and physiologist (1821–1894) Hermann von HelmholtzForMemRSBornHermann Ludwig Ferdinand Helmholtz(1821-08-31)31 August 1821Potsdam, Province of Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia, German ConfederationDied8 September 1894(1894-09-08) (aged 73)Charlottenburg, Kingdom of Prussia, German EmpireEducationMedizinisch-chirurgisches Friedrich-Wilhelm-Institut [de] (MD, 1842)Known for See list Studies in the conservation of energy Helmholtz classical theorem Helmholtz coil Helmholtz condition Helmholtz decomposition Helmholtz equation Helmholtz free energy Helmholtz free entropy Helmholtz layer Helmholtz minimum dissipation theorem Helmholtz motion Helmholtz pitch notation Helmholtz reciprocity Helmholtz resonance Helmholtz temperament Helmholtz's theorems Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect Helmholtz–Smoluchowski equation Helmholtz–Ellis notation Helmholtz–Thévenin theorem Gibbs–Helmholtz equation Kelvin–Helmholtz instability Smith–Helmholtz invariant Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism Young–Helmholtz theory Additive synthesis Efference copy Entoptic phenomenon Heat death paradox Hydrodynamic stability Keratometer Ophthalmoscopy Place theory Prism adaptationPure tone Unconscious inference Vortex ring Spouse Anna von Mohl (m. 1861)Children3RelativesAnna Augusta Von Helmholtz-Phelan (grand-niece)AwardsForMemRS (1860)Croonian Medal (1864)Matteucci Medal (1868)Copley Medal (1873)Pour le Mérite (1873)Faraday Lectureship Prize (1881)Albert Medal (1888)Scientific careerFieldsPhysicsPhysiologyWorkplaces University of Königsberg (1849–1855) University of Bonn (1855–1858) University of Heidelberg (1858–1871) University of Berlin (1871–1888) ThesisDe fabrica systematis nervosi evertebratorum (1842)Doctoral advisorJohannes Peter MüllerDoctoral studentsHeinrich HertzGabriel LippmannOtto LummerAlbert A. MichelsonMax PlanckMihajlo PupinFriedrich SchottkyArthur Gordon WebsterMax WienWilhelm WienOther notable studentsÉmile BoutrouxLoránd EötvösJohannes von KriesEdward NicholsHenry Augustus RowlandHans VaihingerWilhelm Wundt Signature Helmholtz's polyphonic siren, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (31 August 1821 – 8 September 1894; "von" since 1883) was a German physicist and physician who made significant contributions in several scientific fields, particularly hydrodynamic stability.
AC powerIn an electric circuit, instantaneous power is the time rate of flow of energy past a given point of the circuit. In alternating current circuits, energy storage elements such as inductors and capacitors may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. Its SI unit is the watt.
Frequency domainIn mathematics, physics, electronics, control systems engineering, and statistics, the frequency domain refers to the analysis of mathematical functions or signals with respect to frequency (and possibly phase), rather than time, as in time series. While a time-domain graph shows how a signal changes over time, a frequency-domain graph shows how the signal is distributed within different frequency bands over a range of frequencies.Network analysis (electrical circuits)In electrical engineering and electronics, a network is a collection of interconnected components. Network analysis is the process of finding the voltages across, and the currents through, all network components. There are many techniques for calculating these values; however, for the most part, the techniques assume linear components. Except where stated, the methods described in this article are applicable only to linear network analysis.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.