Spanish LegionFor centuries, Spain recruited foreign soldiers to its armies, forming the foreign regiments (Infantería de línea extranjera) such as the Regiment of Hibernia (formed in 1709 from Irishmen who fled their own country in the wake of the Flight of the Earls and the penal laws).
Spanish–American WarThe Spanish–American War (April 21 – August 13, 1898) was fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, and resulted in the U.S. acquiring sovereignty over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, and establishing a protectorate over Cuba. It represented U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence and Philippine Revolution, with the latter later leading to the Philippine–American War.
Philippine–American WarThe Philippine–American War, known alternatively as the Filipino–American War, Philippine Insurrection, or Tagalog Insurgency, emerged in early 1899 following the United States' annexation of the former Spanish colony of the Philippine Islands under the terms of the December 1898 Treaty of Paris following the Spanish–American War. Philippine nationalists had proclaimed independence in June 1898 and constituted the First Philippine Republic in January 1899.
Pancho VillaMexican revolutionary general and politician (1878–1923)Francisco "Pancho" Villa (UK: , US: , Spanish:; born José Doroteo Arango Arámbula; 5 June 1878 – 20 July 1923) was a Mexican revolutionary, guerrilla leader, and politician. He was a key figure in the Mexican Revolution, which forced out President and dictator Porfirio Díaz, subsequently ending the Porfiriato, and brought Francisco I. Madero to power in 1911.
North AfricaThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article includes a list of general references but lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2026) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs more citations.
Associated PressAmerican not-for-profit news agencyThe Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profitnews agency headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1846, it operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association, and produces news reports that are distributed to its members, major U.S. daily newspapers and radio and television broadcasters. Since the Pulitzer Prize was established in 1917, the AP has earned 60 of them, including 36 for photography.
Rif WarThe Rif War was an anti-colonial war fought from 1921 to 1926 between the indigenous Berber tribes of the mountainous Rif region of northern Morocco and Spain (joined by France in 1924). Led by Abd el-Krim, the Riffians attacked workers at 'Minas del Rif', an extremely rich, nearly pure magnetite iron mine, and at first inflicted several defeats on the Spanish forces by using guerrilla tactics with the help of captured European weapons.
Mexican RevolutionNationwide armed struggle in Mexico (1910–1920)BelligerentsPro-government:1910–1911:PorfiriatoFederalesPorfiristasAnti-government:1910–1911:MaderistasOrozquistasMagonistasZapatistas1911–1913:MaderistasFederales1911–1913:ReyistasFelicistasOrozquistasMagonistasZapatistas1913–1914:HuertistasFederalesOrozquistas1913–1914:ConstitutionalistsCarrancistasVillistasZapatistas1914–1915:ConventionistsVillistasZapatistas1914–1915:Carrancistas1915–1920:CarrancistasSupported by:United States (1910–1913) Germany (c. 1913–1918)1915–1920VillistasZapatistasFelicistasForces led by Aureliano BlanquetForces led by Álvaro ObregónSupported by:United States (1913–1918)United Kingdom (1916–1918)Commanders and leaders1910–1911:Porfirio DíazRamón CorralManuel MondragónJosé Yves Limantour1910–1911:Francisco I. MaderoPascual OrozcoBernardo ReyesPancho VillaEmiliano ZapataRicardo Flores Magón1911–1913:Francisco I. Madero XJosé María Pino Suárez †Pancho VillaMateo AlmanzaVenustiano CarranzaVictoriano Huerta (secretly sided with Reyes against Madero until Reyes died in 1913; after Reyes was killed, Huerta launched his revolution)Aureliano Blanquet (also secretly sided with Reyes until his death)1911–1913: Pascual Orozco (fought own revolution after Díaz was overthrown and later sided with Huerta after Huerta took power)Bernardo Reyes † (led own revolution until his death in 1913)Félix Díaz (sided with Reyes and later Huerta after the killing of Reyes in 1913)Emiliano Zapata (sided with Orozco until Orozco sided with Huerta)Ricardo Flores Magón (POW)1913–1914:Victoriano HuertaAureliano BlanquetPascual OrozcoManuel Mondragón (until June 1913)Francisco León de la BarraFrancisco S. Carvajal1913–1914:Venustiano CarranzaPancho VillaEmiliano ZapataÁlvaro ObregónPlutarco Elías Calles1914–1915:Pancho VillaEmiliano ZapataEulalio Gutiérrez1914–1915:Venustiano CarranzaÁlvaro Obregón1915–1920:Venustiano Carranza XÁlvaro Obregón (until 1917)1915–1920:Pancho VillaEmiliano Zapata XFélix DíazAureliano Blanquet †Álvaro Obregón (from 1917)StrengthPro-government:250,000–300,000Anti-government:255,000–290,000Casualties and lossesAlleged:2 Germans killed 500 Americans killed or wounded 1.7–2.7 million Mexican deaths (civilian and military)700,000–1,117,000 civilians dead (using 2.7 million figure)The Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Revolución mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from 20 November 1910 to 1 December 1920.
MercenaryA mercenary (, MUR-sə-nerr-ee), merc ( or ), or soldier of fortune is a private individual who joins an armed conflict for personal profit, is otherwise an outsider to the conflict, and is not a member of any other official military. Mercenaries fight for money or other forms of payment rather than for political interests. Beginning in the 20th century, mercenaries have increasingly come to be seen as less entitled to protection by rules of war than non-mercenaries.
Boxer RebellionBelligerentsEight-Nation AllianceUnited KingdomRussiaJapanFranceGermanyUnited StatesItalyAustria-HungaryNetherlandsSpainBelgiumPortugalMutual Defence Pact of Southeast China(after 1900)BoxersQing dynasty(after 1900)Commanders and leadersLegationsClaude MacDonaldSeymour ExpeditionEdward SeymourGaselee ExpeditionAlfred GaseleeYevgeni AlekseyevNikolai LinevichFukushima YasumasaYamaguchi MotomiHenri-Nicolas FreyAdna ChaffeeOccupation ForceAlfred von WalderseeManchuria occupationAleksey KuropatkinPaul von RennenkampfPavel MishchenkoMutual Defence PactYuan ShikaiLi HongzhangLiu KunyiZhang ZhidongBoxer movementCao FutianLin Hei'er(POW)Zhang Decheng†Zhao SanduoImperial governmentGuangxu EmperorEmpress Dowager CixiYuxianCommander-in-chiefRongluHushenyingZaiyiTenacious ArmyNie Shicheng†Resolute ArmyMa YukunGansu ArmyDong FuxiangStrengthSeymour Expedition2,100–2,188Gaselee Expedition18,000China Relief Expedition2,500Russian troops58,000 to 100,000 or 200,000Boxers100,000–300,000Qing troops100,000Casualties and losses32,000 Chinese Christians and 200 Western missionaries (northern China)100,000 total deathsManchu nameManchu scriptᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨᠰᡝᡵᡝᡝᡥᡝᡥᡡᠯᡥᠠ ᡳᡶᠠᠴᡠᡥᡡᠨMöllendorffciowan sere ehe hūlha i facuhūnThis article contains Manchu text.WriterSelma Lagerlöf, the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she was awarded in 1909.A writer is a person who uses written words in different writing styles, genres, and techniques to communicate ideas, to inspire feelings and emotions, or to entertain.
JournalistA journalist is a person who gathers information in the form of text, audio or pictures, processes it into a newsworthy form and disseminates it to the public. This process is called journalism. RolesJournalists can work in broadcast, print, advertising, or public relations. Depending on the form of journalism, "journalist" may also describe various categories of people by the roles they play in the process.
United States ArmyLand service branch of the U.S. militaryMilitary unitThe United States Army (U.S. Army) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is designated as the army of the United States in the United States Constitution. As a part of the United States Department of Defense, it is one of the six armed forces of the United States and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.