Pepper sprayInflammatory agent Pepper sprayHeat Exceptionally hotScoville scale1,250,000 SHU A U.S. Marine being subjected to pepper spray Part of a series onChemical agents Lethal agents Blood Cyanogen chloride (CK) Hydrogen cyanide (AC) Arsine (SA) BlisterMustards Sulfur mustards(HD H HT HL HQ) Nitrogen mustardsHN1HN2HN3 Organoarsenics Ethyldichloroarsine (ED) Methyldichloroarsine (MD) Phenyldichloroarsine (PD) Lewisite Lewisite (L) L1L2L3 Nerve G-agents Tabun (GA) Sarin (GB) Chlorosarin (GC) Soman (GD) Ethylsarin (GE) Cyclosarin (GF) GV V-agents EA-3148 V-sub x/GD-7 VE VG VM VP VR VS VX Novichok agents A-230 A-232 A-234 A-242 A-262 C01-A035 C01-A039 C01-A042 Pulmonary/choking Chlorine Chloropicrin (PS) Phosgene (CG) Diphosgene (DP) Disulfur decafluoride Hexachloroethane Vomiting Adamsite Chloropicrin Diphenylchlorarsine Diphenylcyanoarsine Nettle agents Phosgene oxime (CX) C01-A035 C01-A039 Incapacitating agents Agent 15 (BZ) Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP) EA-3167 Kolokol-1 PAVA spray Sleeping gas Riot-control (RCAs) Xylyl bromide Pepper spray (OC) CS CN (mace) CR List of chemical warfare agentsvte Pepper spray, oleoresin capsicum spray, OC spray, capsaicin spray, mace, or capsicum spray is a lachrymator (tear gas) product containing as its active ingredient the chemical compound capsaicin, which irritates the eyes with burning and pain sensations and so causes them to close, bringing temporary blindness.
Chemical weaponA chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), this can be any chemical compound intended as a weapon "or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action.
PAVA sprayPAVA spray is an incapacitant spray similar to pepper spray. It is dispensed from a handheld canister, in a liquid stream. It contains a 0.3% solution of pelargonic acid vanillylamide (PAVA), also called nonivamide, a synthetic capsaicinoid (analogue of capsaicin), in a solvent of aqueous ethanol. The propellant is nitrogen.
CS gasThe compound 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (also called o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile; chemical formula: C10H5ClN2), a cyanocarbon, is the defining component of the lachrymatory agent commonly called CS gas, a tear gas used as a riot control agent, and is banned for use in warfare pursuant to the 1925 Geneva Protocol.
CR gasCR gas or dibenzoxazepine (chemical name dibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepine, is an incapacitating agent and a lachrymatory agent. CR was developed by the British Ministry of Defence as a riot control agent in the late 1950s and early 1960s. A report from the Porton Down laboratories described exposure as "like being thrown blindfolded into a bed of stinging nettles", and it earned the nickname "firegas".
Mace (spray)Mace is the brand name of an early type of aerosol self-defense spray invented by Alan Lee Litman in the 1960s. The first commercial product of its type, Litman's design packaged phenacyl chloride (CN) tear gas dissolved in hydrocarbon solvents into a small aerosol spray can, usable in many environments and strong enough to act as a deterrent and incapacitant when sprayed in the face.
ChloropicrinNames IUPAC nameTrichloro(nitro)methaneOther names NitrochloroformNitrotrichloromethanePSTri-clorTrichloronitromethaneIdentifiers CAS Number76-06-23D model (JSmol)Interactive imageBeilstein Reference1756135 ChEBICHEBI:39285ChEMBLChEMBL1327143ChemSpider13861343ECHA InfoCard100.000.847EC Number200-930-9Gmelin Reference240197 IUPHAR/BPS6292KEGGC18445PubChemCID6423RTECS numberPB6300000UNIII4JTX7Z7U2UN number1580 CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID0020315InChIInChI=1S/CCl3NO2/c2-1(3,4)5(6)7Key: LFHISGNCFUNFFM-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/CCl3NO2/c2-1(3,4)5(6)7Key: LFHISGNCFUNFFM-UHFFFAOYAJSMILESClC(Cl)(Cl)[N+]([O-])=OProperties Chemical formulaCCl3NO2Molar mass164.375 g/mol Appearance colorless liquid Odorirritating Density1.692 g/ml Melting point−69 °C (−92 °F; 204 K) Boiling point112 °C (234 °F; 385 K) (decomposes) Solubility in water0.2% Vapor pressure18 mmHg (20°C) Magnetic susceptibility (χ)−75.3·10 cm/mol Hazards Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): Main hazardsExtremely toxic and irritating to skin, eyes, and lungs.
BromoacetoneBromoacetone is an organic compound with the formulaCH3COCH2Br. It is a colorless liquid although impure samples appear yellow or even brown. It is a lachrymatory agent and a precursor to other organic compounds. Occurrence in natureBromoacetone is present (less than 1%) in the essential oil of a seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis) from the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands. SynthesisBromoacetone is available commercially, sometimes stabilized with magnesium oxide.
Xylyl bromideXylyl-bromide, also known as methylbenzyl bromide or T-stoff ('substance-T'), is any member or a mixture of organic chemical compounds with the molecular formulaC6H4(CH3)(CH2Br). The mixture was formerly used as a tear gas and has an odor reminiscent of lilac. All members and the mixture are colourless liquids, although commercial or older samples appear yellowish. Use as a weaponXylyl bromide is an irritant and lachrymatory agent.
NonivamideNonivamide, also called pelargonic acid vanillylamide or PAVA, is an organic compound and a capsaicinoid. It is an amide of pelargonic acid (n-nonanoic acid) and vanillyl amine. It is present in chili peppers, but is commonly manufactured synthetically. It is more heat-stable than capsaicin. Nonivamide is used as a food additive to add pungency to seasonings, flavorings, and spice blends.
TearsTears (tear film) are a transparent fluid secreted primarily by the lacrimal glands (tear gland) found in the eyes of all land mammals. According to the mode of production, tears are classified into four types: basal, closed eye, emotional, and reflex. The basal rate of tear secretion is ~0.5–2.2 μL/min, and irritation can increase secretion by up to ~100-fold, reaching ~300 μL/min.
Phenacyl chloridePhenacyl chloride, also commonly known as chloroacetophenone, is a substituted acetophenone. It is a useful building block in organic chemistry. Apart from that, it has been historically used as a riot control agent, where it is designated CN. It should not be confused with cyanide, another agent used in chemical warfare, which has the chemical structure CN. Chloroacetophenone is thermally stable, and is the only tear agent that is distillable at ambient conditions.
Lacrimal glandThe lacrimal glands (American) or lachrymal glands (British) are paired exocrine glands, one for each eye, found in most terrestrial vertebrates and some marine mammals, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film. In humans, they are situated in the upper lateral region of each orbit, in the lacrimal fossa of the orbit formed by the frontal bone. Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called dacryoadenitis.
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