SubtypingIn programming language theory, subtyping (also called subtype polymorphism or inclusion polymorphism) is a form of type polymorphism. A subtype is a datatype that is related to another datatype (the supertype) by some notion of substitutability, meaning that program elements (typically subroutines or functions), written to operate on elements of the supertype, can also operate on elements of the subtype.
OCamlOCaml ( , formerly Objective Caml) is a general-purpose, high-level, multi-paradigmprogramming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML with object-oriented features. OCaml was created in 1996 by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy, Ascánder Suárez, and others.
Type systemA programming language consists of a system of allowed sequences of symbols (constructs) together with rules that define how each construct is interpreted. For example, a language might allow expressions representing various types of data, expressions that provide structuring rules for data, expressions representing various operations on data, and constructs that provide sequencing rules for the order in which to perform operations.Duck typingIn computer programming, duck typing is an application of the duck test—"If it walks like a duck and it quacks like a duck, then it must be a duck"—to determine whether an object can be used for a particular purpose. With nominative typing, an object is of a given type if it is declared as such (or if a type's association with the object is inferred through mechanisms such as object inheritance).
HaxeHaxe is a high-levelcross-platformprogramming language and compiler that can produce applications and source code for many different computing platforms from one code-base. It is free and open-source software, released under a GPL v2.0 license (the standard library and Neko virtual machine are under the MIT License). The compiler is written in OCaml. It can be run in server-mode to provide code completion for integrated development environments (IDEs).
C++General-purpose programming languageC++ is a high-level, general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup. First released in 1985 as an extension of the C programming language, adding object-oriented (OOP) functionality and later expanding significantly with the addition of functional programming features.
Go (programming language)Programming languageGo (often referred to as Golang) is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that is statically typed and compiled. Originally designed in 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson, Go was publicly announced in November 2009, and is developed by Google and community contributors. Go has a simple syntax similar to C++, as well as garbage collection, structural typing, CSP-style concurrency, and a broad standard library.
Algebraic data typeIn computer programming, especially in functional programming and type theory, an algebraic data type (ADT) is a composite data type, i.e. a type formed by combining other types. An algebraic data type is defined by two key constructions: a sum and a product. These are sometimes referred to as "OR" and "AND" types. A sum type is a choice between possibilities. The value of a sum type can match one of several defined variants.DichotomyA dichotomy () is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets).Nominal type systemIn computer science, a type system is nominal (also called nominative or name-based) if compatibility and equivalence of data types is determined by explicit declarations and/or the name of the types. Nominal systems are used to determine whether types are equivalent, as well as whether a type is a subtype of another.Interface (object-oriented programming)In object-oriented programming, an interface or protocol type is a data type that acts as an abstraction of a class. It describes a set of method signatures, the implementations of which may be provided by multiple classes that are otherwise not necessarily related to each other. A class which provides the methods listed in an interface is said to implement the interface, or to adopt the protocol. Interfaces are useful for encapsulation and reducing coupling.HaskellHaskell () is a general-purpose, statically typed, purely functional programming language with type inference and lazy evaluation. Haskell pioneered several programming language features including type classes for type-safe operator overloading and monadic input/output (IO). It is named after logician Haskell Curry. Haskell's main implementation is the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC).
OCamlOCaml ( , formerly Objective Caml) is a general-purpose, high-level, multi-paradigmprogramming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML with object-oriented features. OCaml was created in 1996 by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy, Ascánder Suárez, and others.Type systemA programming language consists of a system of allowed sequences of symbols (constructs) together with rules that define how each construct is interpreted. For example, a language might allow expressions representing various types of data, expressions that provide structuring rules for data, expressions representing various operations on data, and constructs that provide sequencing rules for the order in which to perform operations.Duck typingIn computer programming, duck typing is an application of the duck test—"If it walks like a duck and it quacks like a duck, then it must be a duck"—to determine whether an object can be used for a particular purpose. With nominative typing, an object is of a given type if it is declared as such (or if a type's association with the object is inferred through mechanisms such as object inheritance).HaxeHaxe is a high-levelcross-platformprogramming language and compiler that can produce applications and source code for many different computing platforms from one code-base. It is free and open-source software, released under a GPL v2.0 license (the standard library and Neko virtual machine are under the MIT License). The compiler is written in OCaml. It can be run in server-mode to provide code completion for integrated development environments (IDEs).C++General-purpose programming languageC++ is a high-level, general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup. First released in 1985 as an extension of the C programming language, adding object-oriented (OOP) functionality and later expanding significantly with the addition of functional programming features.Go (programming language)Programming languageGo (often referred to as Golang) is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that is statically typed and compiled. Originally designed in 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson, Go was publicly announced in November 2009, and is developed by Google and community contributors. Go has a simple syntax similar to C++, as well as garbage collection, structural typing, CSP-style concurrency, and a broad standard library.Algebraic data typeIn computer programming, especially in functional programming and type theory, an algebraic data type (ADT) is a composite data type, i.e. a type formed by combining other types. An algebraic data type is defined by two key constructions: a sum and a product. These are sometimes referred to as "OR" and "AND" types. A sum type is a choice between possibilities. The value of a sum type can match one of several defined variants.DichotomyA dichotomy () is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets).Nominal type systemIn computer science, a type system is nominal (also called nominative or name-based) if compatibility and equivalence of data types is determined by explicit declarations and/or the name of the types. Nominal systems are used to determine whether types are equivalent, as well as whether a type is a subtype of another.Interface (object-oriented programming)In object-oriented programming, an interface or protocol type is a data type that acts as an abstraction of a class. It describes a set of method signatures, the implementations of which may be provided by multiple classes that are otherwise not necessarily related to each other. A class which provides the methods listed in an interface is said to implement the interface, or to adopt the protocol. Interfaces are useful for encapsulation and reducing coupling.HaskellHaskell () is a general-purpose, statically typed, purely functional programming language with type inference and lazy evaluation. Haskell pioneered several programming language features including type classes for type-safe operator overloading and monadic input/output (IO). It is named after logician Haskell Curry. Haskell's main implementation is the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC).*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.