2025 PKK–Turkey peace processThe 2025 PKK–Turkey peace process, also known as the Second Peace Process or the Second Solution Process, refers to the process in 2025 for resolution of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency. The process was seen as the successor of the failed 2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process. BackgroundThe first process was carried out between 2013 and 2015.
Abdullah ÖcalanAbdullah Öcalan ( OH-jə-lahn; Turkish: [œdʒaɫan]; born 4 April 1948 or 1949), also known as Apo (short for Abdullah in Turkish; Kurdish for "uncle"), is a founding member of the militant Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Öcalan was based in Syria from 1979 to 1998. He helped found the PKK in 1978, and led it into the Kurdish–Turkish conflict in 1984.
Kurdistan Workers' PartyKurdish militant political organizationThe Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is a Kurdishmilitant political organization and armed guerrilla group primarily based in the mountainous Kurdish-majority regions of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq and north-eastern Syria. It was founded in Ziyaret, Lice, on 27 November 1978 and was involved in asymmetric warfare in the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (with several ceasefires between 1993 and 2013–2015).
Recep Tayyip ErdoğanPresident of Turkey since 2014PersonalEarly life and careerPublic imageHonors and awardsHonorary doctoratesBibliography This Song Doesn't End HereA Fairer World Is PossibleErdoğanismanti-ErdoğanismCabinetsFirst cabinetSecond cabinetThird cabinetFourth cabinetFifth cabinet25th Prime Minister of TurkeyPremiershipForeign policyInternational tripsCivil–military tiesDiyarbakır speechTurkish EU membership bid2007 constitutional referendum2010 constitutional referendumVision 2023Democratic initiativeGezi park protests2013 corruption scandal12th President of TurkeyPresidencyInternational trips2014 presidential campaign2016 coup attemptPurges2017 referendum2018 presidential campaignEconomic crisisCOVID-19 pandemicPoem controversyFinnish and Swedish NATO accession bids2023 earthquake2023 presidential campaign2025 protestsElections1994200220072011201420182023Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician who has been the president of Turkey since 2014.
DiyarbakırCity in TurkeyMetropolitan municipality in Southeastern Anatolia, TurkeyDiyarbakır is the largest Kurdish-majority city in Turkey. It is the administrative center of Diyarbakır Province. It is considered one of the oldest continually inhabited cities in the world, having been continually inhabited since c. 8,000 BCE.Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgencyFrom 1978 until 2025, the Republic of Turkey was in an armed conflict with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) (Kurdish: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê) as well as its allied insurgent groups, both Kurdish and non-Kurdish. The initial core demand of the PKK was its separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan. In 2010, the PKK abandoned separatism in favor of autonomy and/or greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey.Sakine CansızSakine Cansız (Turkish pronunciation: [saːciˈne dʒanˈsɯz]; Kurdish: Sakîne Cansiz, IPA: [sɑːkiːnɛ dʒɑːnsɪz]; 1958 – 10 January 2013) was one of the co-founders of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). A Kurdish activist and in the 1980s, she was arrested and tortured by Turkish police.
Suruç bombingOn 20 July 2015, the Dokumacılar, the Turkish sect of the Islamic State (ISIL), executed a suicide attack in the Suruç district of Şanlıurfa Province in Turkey. The attack took place outside the Amara Culture Centre, killing 34 people including the perpetrator, and 104 further injuries.
Kurdish languageNorthwestern Iranian dialect continuum KurdishKurdî, کوردیNative toArmenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, TurkeyRegionKurdistan; Also Anatolia, Caucasus, Khorasan, Kurdish diasporaEthnicityKurdsNative speakers29 million (2017–2024)Language familyIndo-European Indo-IranianIranianWesternNorthwesternKurdishDialects Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) Central Kurdish (Sorani) Southern Kurdish (Xwarîn, Palewani) Laki Writing system Hawar alphabet (Latin script; used mostly in Turkey and Syria) Sorani alphabet (Perso-Arabic script; used mostly in Iraq and Iran) Cyrillic alphabet (former Soviet Union) Armenian alphabet (1921–29 in Soviet Armenia) Official statusOfficial language in Iraq Kurdistan Region Recognised minoritylanguage inArmenia SyriaLanguage codesISO 639-1kuISO 639-2kurISO 639-3kur – inclusive codeIndividual codes:kmr – Northern Kurdishckb – Central Kurdishsdh – Southern Kurdishlki – Laki KurdishGlottologkurd1259Linguasphere(North Kurdish incl.
Ceylanpınar incidentThe Ceylanpınar incident (22–24 July 2015) saw the killing of two police officers in Ceylanpınar, Turkey, which led to the resumption of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict in one of the most important flare-ups of the decades long conflict. The attack was used by the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government as a casus belli to end the 2013–2015 solution process and resume its war against the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).
Turkish languageTurkic languageTurkish (Türkçe, Türk dili, also known as Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 90 million speakers. It is the national language of Turkey and one of two official languages of Cyprus. Significant smaller groups of Turkish speakers also exist in Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Greece, other parts of Europe, the South Caucasus, and some parts of Central Asia, Iraq, and Syria.
Islamic StateSalafi jihadist militant organisation*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.