Fluent calculusThe fluent calculus is a formalism for expressing dynamical domains in first-order logic. It is a variant of the situation calculus. A binary function symbol ∘ {\displaystyle \circ } is used to concatenate the terms that represent facts that hold in a situation. For example, that the box is on the table in the situation s {\displaystyle s} is represented by the formula ∃ t . s = o n ( b o x , t a b l e ) ∘ t {\displaystyle \exists t.s=on(box,table)\circ t} .Fluent (artificial intelligence)In artificial intelligence, a fluent is a condition that can change over time. In logical approaches to reasoning about actions, fluents can be represented in first-order logic by predicates having an argument that depends on time.
First-order logicType of logical systemIn mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science, first-order logic (FOL), also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, or quantificational logic, is a type of formal system. First-order logic uses quantified variables over non-logical objects, and allows the use of sentences that contain variables.
Circumscription (logic)Circumscription is a non-monotonic logic created by John McCarthy to formalize the common sense assumption that things are as expected unless otherwise specified. Circumscription was later used by McCarthy in an attempt to solve the frame problem.Frame problemIn artificial intelligence, with implications for cognitive science, the frame problem describes an issue with using first-order logic to express facts about a robot in the world. Representing the state of a robot with traditional first-order logic requires the use of many axioms that simply imply that things in the environment do not change arbitrarily. For example, Hayes describes a "block world" with rules about stacking blocks together.Second-order logic
Truth valueIn logic and mathematics, a truth value, sometimes called a logical value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth, which in classical logic has only two possible values (true or false). Truth values are used in computing as well as various types of logic. ComputingIn some programming languages, any expression can be evaluated in a context that expects a Boolean data type.Pat Hayes
LogicLogic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow from premises based on the structure of arguments alone, independent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation theory.
Logic programmingProgramming paradigm based on formal logicLogic programming is a programming, database, and knowledge representation paradigm based on formal logic. A logic program is a set of sentences in logical form, representing knowledge about some problem domain. Computation is performed by applying logical reasoning to that knowledge, to solve problems in the domain. Major logic programming language families include Prolog, Answer Set Programming (ASP), and Datalog.Negation as failureNegation as failure (NAF, for short) is a non-monotonic inference rule in logic programming, used to derive n o t p {\displaystyle \mathrm {not} ~p} (i.e. that p {\displaystyle p} is assumed not to hold) from failure to derive p {\displaystyle p} .
Raymond ReiterRaymond ReiterFRSC (; June 12, 1939 – September 16, 2002) was a Canadian computer scientist and logician. He was one of the founders of the field of non-monotonic reasoning with his work on default logic, model-based diagnosis, closed-world reasoning, and truth maintenance systems. He also contributed to the situation calculus. Awards and honorsHe was a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), an AAAI Fellow, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
John McCarthy (computer scientist)John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist.
First-order logicType of logical systemIn mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science, first-order logic (FOL), also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, or quantificational logic, is a type of formal system. First-order logic uses quantified variables over non-logical objects, and allows the use of sentences that contain variables.Circumscription (logic)Circumscription is a non-monotonic logic created by John McCarthy to formalize the common sense assumption that things are as expected unless otherwise specified. Circumscription was later used by McCarthy in an attempt to solve the frame problem.Frame problemIn artificial intelligence, with implications for cognitive science, the frame problem describes an issue with using first-order logic to express facts about a robot in the world. Representing the state of a robot with traditional first-order logic requires the use of many axioms that simply imply that things in the environment do not change arbitrarily. For example, Hayes describes a "block world" with rules about stacking blocks together.Second-order logicTruth valueIn logic and mathematics, a truth value, sometimes called a logical value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth, which in classical logic has only two possible values (true or false). Truth values are used in computing as well as various types of logic. ComputingIn some programming languages, any expression can be evaluated in a context that expects a Boolean data type.Pat HayesLogicLogic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow from premises based on the structure of arguments alone, independent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation theory.Logic programmingProgramming paradigm based on formal logicLogic programming is a programming, database, and knowledge representation paradigm based on formal logic. A logic program is a set of sentences in logical form, representing knowledge about some problem domain. Computation is performed by applying logical reasoning to that knowledge, to solve problems in the domain. Major logic programming language families include Prolog, Answer Set Programming (ASP), and Datalog.Negation as failureNegation as failure (NAF, for short) is a non-monotonic inference rule in logic programming, used to derive n o t p {\displaystyle \mathrm {not} ~p} (i.e. that p {\displaystyle p} is assumed not to hold) from failure to derive p {\displaystyle p} .Raymond ReiterRaymond ReiterFRSC (; June 12, 1939 – September 16, 2002) was a Canadian computer scientist and logician. He was one of the founders of the field of non-monotonic reasoning with his work on default logic, model-based diagnosis, closed-world reasoning, and truth maintenance systems. He also contributed to the situation calculus. Awards and honorsHe was a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), an AAAI Fellow, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.John McCarthy (computer scientist)John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.