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Simple aromatic ring

Simple aromatic rings, also known as simple arenes or simple aromatics, are aromaticorganic compounds that consist only of a conjugated planar ring system. Many simple aromatic rings have trivial names. They are usually found as substructures of more complex molecules ("substituted aromatics"). Typical simple aromatic compounds are benzene, indole, and pyridine. Simple aromatic rings can be heterocyclic if they contain non-carbon ring atoms, for example, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.

Conjugated systemConjugated systemIn physical organic chemistry, a conjugated system is a system of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons in a molecule, which in general lowers the overall energy of the molecule and increases stability. It is conventionally represented as having alternating single and multiple bonds. Lone pairs, radicals or carbenium ions may be part of the system, which may be cyclic, acyclic, linear or mixed.PyridinePyridineHeterocyclic aromatic organic compoundNames Preferred IUPAC namePyridineSystematic IUPAC nameAzabenzeneOther names AzineAzinineIdentifiers CAS Number110-86-13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageChEBICHEBI:16227ChEMBLChEMBL266158ChemSpider1020ECHA InfoCard100.003.464EC Number203-809-9KEGGC00747PubChemCID1049UNIINH9L3PP67SCompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID9021924InChIInChI=1S/C5H5N/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-5HKey: JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C5H5N/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-5HKey: JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYAYSMILESc1ccncc1Properties Chemical formulaC5H5NMolar mass79.102 g·mol Appearance Colorless liquid OdorNauseating, fish-like Density0.9819 g/mL (20 °C) Melting point−41.63 °C (−42.93 °F; 231.52 K) Boiling point115.2 °C (239.4 °F; 388.3 K) Solubility in waterMiscible log P0.65 Vapor pressure16 mmHg (20 °C) Acidity (pKa) 5.23 (pyridinium) Conjugate acidPyridiniumMagnetic susceptibility (χ)−48.7·10 cm/mol Thermal conductivity0.166 W/(m·K) Refractive index (nD)1.5095 (20 °C) Viscosity0.879 cP (25 °C) Dipole moment2.215 D Thermochemistry Heat capacity(C)132.7 J/(mol·K) Std enthalpy offormation(ΔfH298)100.2 kJ/mol Std enthalpy ofcombustion(ΔcH298)−2.782 MJ/mol Hazards Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): Main hazardsLow to moderate hazard GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordDangerHazard statementsH225, H302, H312, H315, H319, H332Precautionary statementsP210, P280, P301+P312, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340+P312, P305+P351+P338NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 230Flash point20 °C (68 °F; 293 K) Autoignitiontemperature482 °C (900 °F; 755 K) Explosive limits1.8–12.4% Threshold limit value (TLV)5 ppm (TWA) Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose)891 mg/kg (rat, oral)1500 mg/kg (mouse, oral)1580 mg/kg (rat, oral) LC50 (median concentration)9000 ppm (rat, 1 hr) NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible)TWA 5 ppm (15 mg/m) REL (Recommended)TWA 5 ppm (15 mg/m) IDLH (Immediate danger)1000 ppm Related compounds Related aminesPicolineQuinolineRelated compoundsAnilinePyrimidinePiperidineSupplementary data page Pyridine (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).N verify ( ?)IndoleIndoleChemical compoundChemical compoundIndole is an organic compound with the formula C6H4CCNH3. Indole is classified as an aromaticheterocycle. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered pyrrole ring. Indoles are derivatives of indole where one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by substituent groups. Indoles are widely distributed in nature, most notably as amino acidtryptophan and neurotransmitterserotonin..Organic compoundOrganic compoundOrganic compounds are a subclass of chemical compounds of carbon. Little consensus exists among chemists on the exact definition of organic compound; the only universally accepted definition is the quasi-tautological "organic compounds are the subject matter of organic chemistry". Generally, any large chemical compound containing a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond is accepted as an organic compound.MoleculeMoleculeA molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions that satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the distinction from ions is dropped and molecule is often used when referring to polyatomic ions.BenzeneBenzeneBenzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar hexagonal ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. As it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is a hydrocarbon. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals.NitrogenNitrogen–↑N↓Pcarbon ← nitrogen → oxygenHeterocyclic compoundHeterocyclic compoundA heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a hydrocarbon-based cyclic compound that contains at least one heteroatom as member(s) of its ring(s). Heterocyclic organic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of organic heterocycles. Examples of heterocyclic compounds include all of the nucleic acids, the majority of drugs, most biomass (cellulose and related materials), and many natural and synthetic dyes.OxygenOxygen–↑O↓Snitrogen ← oxygen → fluorineCarbonCarbonChemical element with atomic number 6 (C)–↑C↓Siboron ← carbon → nitrogenSubstitution reactionSubstitution reactionA substitution reaction (also known as single displacement reaction or single substitution reaction) is a chemical reaction during which one functional group in a compound is replaced by another functional group. Substitution reactions are of prime importance in organic chemistry.AromaticityAromaticityIn organic chemistry, aromaticity is a chemical property describing the way in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibits a stabilization stronger than would be expected from conjugation alone. The earliest use of the term was in an article by August Wilhelm Hofmann in 1855. There is no general relationship between aromaticity as a chemical property and the olfactory properties of such compounds.

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