Digraph (orthography)Pair of characters used to write one phoneme In Welsh, the digraph ⟨ll⟩ fused for a time into a ligature. A digraph (from Ancient Greek δίς (dís) 'double' and γράφω (gráphō) 'to write') or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme (distinct sound), or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined.
Great Vowel ShiftPronunciation change in English between 1350 and 1700 History and description ofEnglish pronunciation Historical stages Old English Middle English General development In Old English In Scots Development of vowels A Close back Close front Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back Pre-L Pre-R Development of consonants Single consonants Clusters Variable features Cot–caught merger Drawl Flapping Flat A H-dropping L-vocalization NG R Rhoticity T-glottalization TH WH Related topics History of English Spelling vte Diagram of the changes in English vowels during the Great Vowel Shift The Great Vowel Shift was a series of pronunciation changes in the vowels of the English language that took place primarily between 1400 and 1700 (the 15th century forming the transition period from Middle English to Early Modern English), beginning in southern England and having influenced effectively all dialects of English today.English orthographyNorms for writing the English languageEnglish orthography comprises the set of rules used when writing the English language, allowing readers and writers to associate written graphemes with the sounds of spoken English, as well as other features of the language. English's orthography includes norms for spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation. As with the orthographies of most other world languages, written English is broadly standardised.
Middle EnglishMiddle English (abbreviated to ME) refers to the variations of the English language that were spoken in England after the Norman Conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century, roughly coinciding with the High and Late Middle Ages. The Middle English dialects evolved from Old English under the influence of Anglo-Norman French and Old Norse.
Early Modern EnglishEarly Modern English (sometimes abbreviated EModE or EMnE), also known as Early New English (ENE), and colloquially Shakespeare's English, Shakespearean English, or King James' English, is the stage of the English language from the beginning of the Tudor period to the English Interregnum and Restoration, or from the transition from Middle English, in the late 15th century, to the transition to Modern English, in the mid-to-late 17th century.Silent letterIn an alphabetic writing system, a silent letter is a letter that, in a particular word, does not correspond to any sound in the word's pronunciation. In linguistics, a silent letter is often symbolised with a null sign U+2205 ∅ EMPTY SET, which resembles the Scandinavian letter Ø. A null or zero is an unpronounced or unwritten segment.
WordA word is a basic element of language that carries meaning, can be used on its own, and is uninterruptible. Despite the fact that language speakers often have an intuitive grasp of what a word is, there is no consensus among linguists on its definition and numerous attempts to find specific criteria of the concept remain controversial.
PhonicsMethod of teaching reading and writingStudents learning phonics through a textbook., / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.Phonics is a method for teaching reading and writing to beginners. To use phonics is to teach the relationship between the sounds of the spoken language (phonemes), and the letters (graphemes) or groups of letters or syllables of the written language. Phonics is also known as the alphabetic principle or the alphabetic code.
MorphemeA morpheme is the smallest meaningful constituent of a linguistic expression, especially within a word. Many words are themselves standalone morphemes, while other words contain multiple morphemes; in linguistic terminology, this is the distinction, respectively, between free and bound morphemes. The field of linguistic study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
BicycleA bicycle, also called a pedal cycle, bike, push-bike or cycle, is a human-powered or motor-assisted, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A bicycle rider is called a cyclist or bicyclist. The bicycle was invented in Europe in the 19th century. By the early 21st century, there were more than 1 billion bicycles. Bicycles are the principal means of transport in many regions.Structured Word InquiryStructured Word Inquiry (SWI) is a pedagogical technique that involves the scientific investigation of the spelling of words. SWI emphasizes the scientific exploration of word structure through morphology, etymology, related words, and phonology.
Rule of thumbIn English, the phrase rule of thumb refers to an approximate method for doing something, based on practical experience rather than theory. This usage of the phrase can be traced back to the 17th century and has been associated with various trades where quantities were measured by comparison to the width or length of a thumb.
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