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Shadow banking system

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The shadow banking system is the collection of non-bank financial intermediaries (NBFIs), or nondepository financial institutions (NDFIs) that legally provide services similar to traditional commercial banks but outside normal banking regulations. S&P Global estimates that, at end-2022, shadow banking held about $63 trillion in financial assets in major jurisdictions around the world, representing 78% of global GDP, up from $28 trillion and 68% of global GDP in 2009.

Non-bank financial institutionNon-bank financial institutionInstitution without a full banking license Part of a series on financial servicesBanking Types of banks Advising Banq Bulge bracket Central Commercial Community development Cooperative Credit union Custodian Depository Development Direct Export credit agency Investment Industrial Merchant Middle market Money center Mutual savings Neobank Offshore Participation Payments Postal savings Private Public Retail Savings Savings and loan Universal Wholesale Bank holding company Lists of banks Accounts · Cards Accounts Christmas club Deposit Interest rate Money-market Savings Time deposit (Bond) Transaction (checking / current) Cards ATM Credit Debit Prepaid Funds transfer Cheque Card Electronic Bill payment Instant payment Mobile Wire RTGS NS Direct debit ACH Giro SWIFT Correspondent account CLS CIPS SPFS BRICS PAY Terms Asset allocation management Automated teller machine Bad debt Bank rate List Bank regulation Debanking Bank secrecy Asset growth Capital asset Cash Climate finance Corporate finance Disinvestment Diversification (finance) Eco-investing Economic bubble Economic expansion Enterprise value Enterprise risk management Environmental finance ESG Ethical banking Financial analysis analyst asset economics engineering forecast plan planner services Fractional-reserve banking Full-reserve banking Fundamental analysis Growth investing Hedge (finance) Impact investing Investment advisory Investment management Loan Mathematical finance Mobile banking Money creation Pension fund Private banking Relationship banking Sustainability Sustainable finance Speculation Statistical finance Strategic financial management Stress test (financial) Structured finance Structured product Toxic asset Related topics Asset pricing Bond (finance) Capital structure Corporate finance Cost of capital Equity (finance) Ethical banking Exchange-traded fund Financial law market participants regulation risk system History of banking List of banks Market risk Personal finance Public finance Security (finance) Shares Sustainable Development Goals Systematic risk Systemic risk Time value of money Too big to fail Too connected to fail Watered stock Category Commons Portalvte A non-banking financial institution (NBFI) or non-bank financial company (NBFC) is a financial institution that is not legally a bank; it does not have a full banking license or is not supervised by a national or international banking regulatory agency.ChequeChequeMethod of payment Part of a series on financial servicesBanking Types of banks Advising Banq Bulge bracket Central Commercial Community development Cooperative Credit union Custodian Depository Development Direct Export credit agency Investment Industrial Merchant Middle market Money center Mutual savings Neobank Offshore Participation Payments Postal savings Private Public Retail Savings Savings and loan Universal Wholesale Bank holding company Lists of banks Accounts · Cards Accounts Christmas club Deposit Interest rate Money-market Savings Time deposit (Bond) Transaction (checking / current) Cards ATM Credit Debit Prepaid Funds transfer Cheque Card Electronic Bill payment Instant payment Mobile Wire RTGS NS Direct debit ACH Giro SWIFT Correspondent account CLS CIPS SPFS BRICS PAY Terms Asset allocation management Automated teller machine Bad debt Bank rate List Bank regulation Debanking Bank secrecy Asset growth Capital asset Cash Climate finance Corporate finance Disinvestment Diversification (finance) Eco-investing Economic bubble Economic expansion Enterprise value Enterprise risk management Environmental finance ESG Ethical banking Financial analysis analyst asset economics engineering forecast plan planner services Fractional-reserve banking Full-reserve banking Fundamental analysis Growth investing Hedge (finance) Impact investing Investment advisory Investment management Loan Mathematical finance Mobile banking Money creation Pension fund Private banking Relationship banking Sustainability Sustainable finance Speculation Statistical finance Strategic financial management Stress test (financial) Structured finance Structured product Toxic asset Related topics Asset pricing Bond (finance) Capital structure Corporate finance Cost of capital Equity (finance) Ethical banking Exchange-traded fund Financial law market participants regulation risk system History of banking List of banks Market risk Personal finance Public finance Security (finance) Shares Sustainable Development Goals Systematic risk Systemic risk Time value of money Too big to fail Too connected to fail Watered stock Category Commons Portalvte Part of a series onNumismaticsthe study of currency Glossary Currency Coins Banknotes Forgery List ISO Circulating currencies Africa Asia Europe North America South America Oceania Local currencies Company scrip LETS Time dollars Fictional currencies Proposed currencies History of money Historical currencies Aksumite Achaemenid Byzantine Chinese Filipino Greek Indian Italian Japanese Roman Thai Tibetan Medieval currencies Production Mint Designers Coining Milling Hammering Cast Metals Errors Collection Coin collecting Coins Commemorative coins Bullion coins Grading Notaphily Banknotes Commemorative banknotes Exonumia Credit cards Jetons Medals Tokens Cheques Scrips Scripophily Stock certificates Bonds Numismatics portal Money portalvte This article needs more citations.Hedge fundHedge fundPrivately pooled investment fund using diverse strategies to seek high returnsA hedge fund is a pooledinvestment fund that holds liquid assets and that makes use of complex trading and risk management techniques to aim to improve investment performance and insulate returns from market risk. Among these portfolio techniques are short selling and the use of leverage and derivative instruments.Commercial bankCommercial bankFinancial institution that accepts deposits and provides loans A commercial bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and provides loans to its clients in order to facilitate their commercial affairs, including transactional and trading activities involving monetary and non-monetary exchanges, while generating profit.S&P GlobalS&P GlobalS&P Global Inc. (prior to 2016, McGraw Hill Financial, Inc., and prior to 2013, The McGraw–Hill Companies, Inc.) is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Manhattan, New York. Its primary areas of business are financial information, analytics, and energy and commodities intelligence. It is the parent company of S&P Global Ratings, S&P Global Energy, S&P Global Market Intelligence, and the Indian credit rating agency CRISIL.Bank regulation and supervisionBank regulation and supervisionPolicy framework for credit institutions Part of a series on financial servicesBanking Types of banks Advising Banq Bulge bracket Central Commercial Community development Cooperative Credit union Custodian Depository Development Direct Export credit agency Investment Industrial Merchant Middle market Money center Mutual savings Neobank Offshore Participation Payments Postal savings Private Public Retail Savings Savings and loan Universal Wholesale Bank holding company Lists of banks Accounts · Cards Accounts Christmas club Deposit Interest rate Money-market Savings Time deposit (Bond) Transaction (checking / current) Cards ATM Credit Debit Prepaid Funds transfer Cheque Card Electronic Bill payment Instant payment Mobile Wire RTGS NS Direct debit ACH Giro SWIFT Correspondent account CLS CIPS SPFS BRICS PAY Terms Asset allocation management Automated teller machine Bad debt Bank rate List Bank regulation Debanking Bank secrecy Asset growth Capital asset Cash Climate finance Corporate finance Disinvestment Diversification (finance) Eco-investing Economic bubble Economic expansion Enterprise value Enterprise risk management Environmental finance ESG Ethical banking Financial analysis analyst asset economics engineering forecast plan planner services Fractional-reserve banking Full-reserve banking Fundamental analysis Growth investing Hedge (finance) Impact investing Investment advisory Investment management Loan Mathematical finance Mobile banking Money creation Pension fund Private banking Relationship banking Sustainability Sustainable finance Speculation Statistical finance Strategic financial management Stress test (financial) Structured finance Structured product Toxic asset Related topics Asset pricing Bond (finance) Capital structure Corporate finance Cost of capital Equity (finance) Ethical banking Exchange-traded fund Financial law market participants regulation risk system History of banking List of banks Market risk Personal finance Public finance Security (finance) Shares Sustainable Development Goals Systematic risk Systemic risk Time value of money Too big to fail Too connected to fail Watered stock Category Commons Portalvte Bank regulation and supervision refers to a form of financial regulation which subjects banks to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines, enforced by a financial supervisory authority or supervisor, with semantic variations across jurisdictions.Cashier's checkCashier's checkA cashier's check (or cashier's cheque, cashier's order, official check; in Canada, the term bank draft is used, not to be confused with Banker's draft as used in the United States) is a check guaranteed by a bank, drawn on the bank's own funds and signed by a bank employee. Cashier's checks are treated as guaranteed funds because the bank, rather than the purchaser, is both the drawee and drawer and is responsible for paying the amount.Ben BernankeBen BernankeBen Shalom Bernanke ( ; born December 13, 1953) is an American economist who served as the 14th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 2006 to 2014. After leaving the Federal Reserve, he was appointed a distinguished fellow at the Brookings Institution. During his tenure as chairman, Bernanke oversaw the Federal Reserve's response to the 2008 financial crisis, for which he was named the 2009 Time Person of the Year.Payday loanPayday loanA payday loan is a short-term unsecured loan, often characterized by high interest rates. These loans are typically designed to cover immediate financial needs and are intended to be repaid on the borrower's next payday. The term "payday" in payday loan refers to when a borrower writes a postdated check to the lender for the payday salary, but receives part of that payday sum in immediate cash from the lender.Bureau de changeBureau de changeA bureau de change (plural bureaux de change, both ; British English) or currency exchange (American English) is a business where people can buy or sell a foreign currency. NomenclatureOriginally French, the term bureau de change (pronounced) is widely used throughout Europe and French-speaking Canada, where it is common to find a sign saying "exchange" or "change".InsuranceInsuranceProtection from financial lossAn advertisement for a fire insurance company Norwich Union, showing the amount of assets in coverage and paid insurance (1910)Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to protect against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss.Federal ReserveFederal ReserveCentral banking system of the US Federal Reserve SystemSeal of the Federal Reserve SystemFlag of the Federal Reserve SystemThe Eccles Building in Washington, D.C., which serves as the Federal Reserve System's headquartersCentral bank ofUnited StatesHeadquartersEccles Building, Washington, D.C., U.S.EstablishedDecember 23, 1913 (112 years ago) (1913-12-23)Governing bodyBoard of GovernorsKey people Kevin Warsh(Chair) Philip Jefferson(Vice Chair) Michelle Bowman(Vice Chair for Supervision) CurrencyUnited States dollarUSD (ISO 4217)Reserve requirementsNoneBank rate3.75%Interest rate target3.50–3.75%Interest on reserves3.65%Interest paid on excess reserves?YesWebsitewww.federalreserve.gov Federal ReserveAgency overviewJurisdictionFederal government of the United StatesChild agencyFederal Open Market CommitteeKey documentFederal Reserve Act This article is part of a series onBanking in theUnited States Regulation Monetary policy Banking charters Credit union Federal savings bank Federal savings association National bank State bank Lending Credit card Deposit accounts Checking Money-market Savings Certificate of deposit Account insurance Federal Deposit InsuranceCorporation (FDIC) National Credit Union ShareInsurance Fund (NCUA) Payment and transfer Check clearing Check 21 Act Electronic funds transfer (EFT) ATM card Debit card Wire transfer Substitute check ACH Network Bill payment United States portalvte The Federal Reserve System (often shortened to the Federal Reserve, or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States.Pawn ShopPawn ShopA pawn shop is a shop that takes possessions as pledge.

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