Secure two-party computationSecure two-party computation (2PC, or secure function evaluation) is a sub-problem of secure multi-party computation (MPC) that has received special attention by researchers because of its close relation to many cryptographic tasks. The goal of 2PC is to create a generic protocol that allows two parties to jointly compute an arbitrary function on their inputs without sharing the value of their inputs with the opposing party.
Cryptographic protocolA cryptographic protocol is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods, often as sequences of cryptographic primitives. A protocol describes how the algorithms should be used and includes details about data structures and representations, at which point it can be used to implement multiple, interoperable versions of a program. Cryptographic protocols are widely used for secure application-level data transport.
Yao's Millionaires' problemProblem in mathematics Yao's Millionaires' problem is a secure multi-party computation problem introduced in 1982 by computer scientist and computational theorist Andrew Yao. The problem discusses two millionaires, Alice and Bob, who are interested in knowing which of them is richer without revealing their actual wealth.
Secret sharingSecret sharing (also called secret splitting) refers to methods for distributing a secret among a group, in such a way that no individual holds any intelligible information about the secret, but when a sufficient number of individuals combine their 'shares', the secret may be reconstructed. Whereas insecure secret sharing allows an attacker to gain more information with each share, secure secret sharing is 'all or nothing' (where 'all' means the necessary number of shares).
Mental pokerMental poker is the common name for a set of cryptographic problems that concerns playing a fair game over distance without the need for a trusted third party. The term is also applied to the theories surrounding these problems and their possible solutions. The name comes from the card gamepoker which is one of the games to which this kind of problem applies.
Andrew YaoAndrew Chi-Chih Yao (Chinese: 姚期智; pinyin: Yáo Qīzhì; born December 24, 1946) is a Chinese computer scientist, theoretical physicist, and computational theorist. He is currently a professor and the dean of Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences (IIIS) at Tsinghua University. Yao used the minimax theorem to prove what is now known as Yao's principle.Trusted third partyIn cryptography, a trusted third party (TTP) is an entity which facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party; the third party reviews all critical transaction communications between the parties, based on the ease of creating fraudulent digital content. In TTP models, the relying parties use this trust to secure their own interactions.Michael Ben-OrMichael Ben-Or (Hebrew: מיכאל בן-אור) is an Israeli computer scientist, the Jean and Helena Alfassa Professor of computer science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His research interests include Theoretical Computer Science, Distributed Computation, Fault-Tolerance, Cryptography and Quantum Computation. He received his PhD in Mathematics from the Hebrew University in 1982.
Shafi GoldwasserShafrira Goldwasser (Hebrew: שפרירה גולדווסר; born November 14, 1959) is an Israeli-American computer scientist. She is the RSA Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a professor of mathematical sciences at the Weizmann Institute of Science, the former director of the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing, and co-founder and chief scientist of Duality Technologies.
Ivan DamgårdIvan Bjerre Damgård (born 1956) is a Danish cryptographer and currently a professor at the Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Denmark. Ivan is the co-founder of Cryptomathic, and Sepior. Ivan is a Professor and head of the research group in cryptography at Aarhus University.
PrivacySeclusion from unwanted attentionBanksy's One Nation Under CCTV graffiti, adjacent to an actual CCTV cameraPrivacy (UK: , US: ) is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively. The domain of privacy partially overlaps with security, which can include the concepts of appropriate use and protection of information. Privacy may also take the form of bodily integrity.
Avi WigdersonAvi Wigderson (Hebrew: אבי ויגדרזון; born 9 September 1956) is an Israeli computer scientist and mathematician. He is the Herbert H. Maass Professor in the school of mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America. His research interests include complexity theory, parallel algorithms, graph theory, cryptography, and distributed computing.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.