Mariano PonceMariano Ponce y Collantes (Spanish:; March 22, 1863 – May 23, 1918) commonly known as just Mariano Ponce, was a Filipino physician, writer, statesman, and active member of the Propaganda Movement. In Spain, he was among the founders of La Solidaridad (English: The Solidarity) and Asociación Hispano-Filipino (English: Hispano-Filipino Association / Hispanic-Filipino Association).
La SolidaridadLa Solidaridad (lit. The Solidarity) was an organization created in Spain on December 13, 1888. Composed of Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending Europe's universities, the organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the Philippines, and to propagate a closer relationship between the Philippines and Spain.
Graciano López JaenaGraciano López y Jaena (December 18, 1856 – January 20, 1896), commonly known as Graciano López Jaena (Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈlopes ˈhaɪna]), was a Filipino journalist, orator, reformist, and national hero who is well known for his newspaper, La Solidaridad (December 13, 1888). Philippine historians universally regard López Jaena, alongside legal scholar Marcelo H. del Pilar and polymath José Rizal, as the definitive triumvirate of Filipino propagandists.
José RizalFilipino nationalist, writer, and polymath (1861–1896)José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (Spanish:, Tagalog:; June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino nationalist, writer, and polymath active at the end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. He is popularly considered to be a national hero of the Philippines.
Indigenous peoples of the PhilippinesThe indigenous peoples of the Philippines are ethnolinguistic groups or subgroups that maintain partial isolation or independence throughout the colonial era, and have retained much of their traditional pre-colonial culture and practices. The Philippines has 110 ethnolinguistic groups comprising the Philippines' indigenous peoples; as of 2010, these groups numbered at around 14–17 million persons.
El filibusterismoEl Filibusterismo (transl. The filibusterism; The Subversive or The Subversion, as in the Locsín English translation, are also possible translations), also known by its alternative English title The Reign of Greed, is the second novel written by Philippine national hero José Rizal. It is the sequel to Noli Me Tángere and, like the first book, was written in Spanish. It was first published in 1891 in Ghent.
Captaincy General of the PhilippinesThe Captaincy General of the Philippines was an administrative district of the Spanish Empire in Southeast Asia governed by a governor-general as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City until Mexican independence when it was transferred directly to Madrid. Also known as the Captaincy General of the Spanish East Indies, which included among others the Philippine Islands, the Mariana Islands, and the Caroline Islands.
MestizoSpanish term to indicate mixed ancestryEthnic groupMestizo is a term primarily used to denote people of mixed Spanish and Amerindian descent in Hispanic America. In certain regions of the continent, it may also refer to anyone who is culturally Hispanic, regardless of racial admixture. The term was used as an ethno-racial exonym for mixed-race castas that evolved during the Spanish Empire.
PeninsularesIn the context of the Spanish Empire, a peninsular (Spanish pronunciation:, pl.peninsulares) was a Spaniard born in Spain, but residing in the New World, Spanish East Indies, or Spanish Guinea. In the context of the Portuguese Empire, reinóis (singular reinol) were Portuguese people born in Portugal residing primarily in Portuguese America; children born in Brazil to two reinóis parents were known as .
Noli Me Tángere (novel)Noli Me Tángere (Latin for "Touch Me Not") is a novel by Filipino writer and activist José Rizal and was published during the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. It explores inequities in law and practice in terms of the treatment by the ruling government and the Spanish Catholic friars of the resident peoples in the late 19th century.
Philippine RevolutionThe Philippine Revolution was a war of independence waged by the revolutionary organization Katipunan against the Spanish Empire from 1896 to 1898. It was the culmination of the 333-year colonial rule of Spain in the archipelago. The Philippines was one of the last major colonies of the Spanish Empire, which had already suffered a massive decline in the 1820s. Cuba rebelled in 1895, and in 1898, the United States intervened and the Spanish soon capitulated.
Criollo peopleIn Hispanic America, criollo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkɾjoʎo]) is a term used originally to describe people of full and near complete Spanish descent born in the New World viceroyalties, under the Spanish crown. In different Hispanic American countries, the word has come to have different meanings, mostly referring to the local-born majority.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.