OpioidClass of analgesic drugOpioids are a class of drugs that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the opium poppy plant. Opioids work on opioid receptors in the brain and other organs to produce a variety of morphine-like effects, including pain relief.HypoventilationHypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo meaning "below") to perform needed respiratory gas exchange. By definition it causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and respiratory acidosis.
MorphinePain medication of the opiate familyPharmaceutical compoundMorphine, formerly known as morphium, is an opiate found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum). It is mainly used as an analgesic (pain medication).
MethadoneClinical dataTrade namesDolophine, Methadose, othersOther namesMethadone HydrochlorideAHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa682134License dataUSDailyMed: MethadonePregnancycategoryAU: CAddictionliabilityHighRoutes ofadministrationBy mouth, intravenous, insufflation, sublingual, rectalDrug classOpioidATC codeN02AC52 (WHO) N07BC02 (WHO) QN02AC90 (WHO)Legal statusLegal statusAU:S8 (Controlled drug)BR:Class A1 (Narcotic drugs)CA: Schedule IDE: Anlage III (Special prescription form required)NZ: Class B3 UK:Class AUS:Schedule IIEU: Rx-onlySE: Förteckning IIPharmacokinetic dataBioavailabilityRectal: 76% SC: 79% Oral: 41–99% IV/IM: 100% Protein binding85–90%MetabolismLiver (CYP3A4, CYP2B6 and CYP2D6-mediated)Metabolites• EDDP• EDMP • para-HydroxymethadoneOnset of actionRapidElimination half-life15–55 hoursDuration of actionSingle dose: 4–8 hProlonged use: • Withdrawal prevention: 1–2 days • Pain relief: 8–12 hoursExcretionUrine, faecesIdentifiersIUPAC name(RS)-6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-heptan-3-oneCAS Number76-99-3PubChemCID4095IUPHAR/BPS5458DrugBankDB00333ChemSpider3953UNIIUC6VBE7V1ZKEGGD08195ChEBICHEBI:6807ChEMBLChEMBL651CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID7023273ECHA InfoCard100.000.907Chemical and physical dataFormulaC21H27NOMolar mass309.453 g·mol3D model (JSmol)Interactive imageChiralityRacemic mixtureSMILESCCC(C(C1=CC=CC=C1)(C2=CC=CC=C2)CC(N(C)C)C)=OInChIInChI=1S/C21H27NO/c1-5-20(23)21(16-17(2)22(3)4,18-12-8-6-9-13-18)19-14-10-7-11-15-19/h6-15,17H,5,16H2,1-4H3Key:USSIQXCVUWKGNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N(verify)Methadone, sold under the brand names Dolophine and Methadose, among others, is a potent synthetic opioid used medically to treat chronic pain and opioid use disorder.
CodeineCodeine is an opiate and prodrug of morphine mainly used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea. It is commonly used as a recreational drug. It is found naturally in the sap of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. It is typically used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain. Greater benefit may occur when combined with paracetamol (acetaminophen) as codeine/paracetamol or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin or ibuprofen.
FentanylFentanyl is a highly potent synthetic opioid of the piperidine family, used primarily as pain medication. It is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine. Its primary clinical use is in pain management for cancer patients and those recovering from surgery. Fentanyl is also used as a sedative for intubated patients. Fentanyl has a short duration of action. Fentanyl works by activating μ-opioid receptors. Brand names include Actiq, Duragesic, and Sublimaze, among others.
ToxicityToxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). Sometimes the word is more or less synonymous with poisoning in everyday usage.
HeroinHeroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a morphinan opioid substance synthesized from the dried latex of the opium poppy; it is mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects. Heroin is used medically in several countries to relieve pain, such as during childbirth or a heart attack. Medical-grade diamorphine is used as a pure hydrochloride salt.
OxycodoneOpioid medicationPharmaceutical compoundOxycodone, sold under the brand names Roxicodone and OxyContin (which is the extended-release form) among others, is a semi-synthetic opioid used medically for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. It is a highly addictive and commonly abused drug. It is usually taken orally, and is available in immediate-release and controlled-release formulations.UnconsciousnessUnconsciousness is a state in which a living individual exhibits a complete, or near-complete, inability to maintain an awareness of self and environment or to respond to any human or environmental stimulus.
TramadolClinical dataPronunciation/ˈtræməˌdɒl/ Trade namesTramal, othersAHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa695011License dataUSDailyMed: TramadolPregnancycategoryAU: CRoutes ofadministrationBy mouth, intravenous, intramuscular, rectalDrug classOpioid;Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitorATC codeN02AX02 (WHO) N02AJ13 (WHO)Legal statusLegal statusAU:S4 (Prescription only)BR:Class A2 (Narcotic drugs)CA: Schedule INZ: Class C2 UK:POM (Prescription only) /Class CUS:Schedule IVUN: UnscheduledEU: Rx-onlySE: Förteckning IIIIn general: Prescription onlyPharmacokinetic dataBioavailability68% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)Protein binding20%MetabolismLiver-mediated demethylation and glucuronidation via CYP2D6 & CYP3A4MetabolitesO-desmethyltramadolN-desmethyltramadolOnset of action< 1 hour (by mouth)Elimination half-life6.3 ± 1.4 hDuration of action6 hoursExcretionUrine (95%)IdentifiersIUPAC name2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-olCAS Number27203-92-5PubChemCID33741DrugBankDB00193ChemSpider31105UNII39J1LGJ30JKEGGD08623as HCl: D01355ChEBICHEBI:9648ChEMBLChEMBL1066CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID401167150 DTXSID90858931, DTXSID401167150ECHA InfoCard100.043.912Chemical and physical dataFormulaC16H25NO2Molar mass263.381 g·mol3D model (JSmol)Interactive imageMelting point180 to 181 °C (356 to 358 °F)SMILESCN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)OInChIInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1Key:TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N(verify)Tramadol, sold under the brand name Tramal among others, is an opioidpain medication and a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used to treat moderate to severe pain.
Brain injuryBrain injury, also known as brain damage or neurotrauma, is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. It may result from external trauma, such as accidents or falls, or from internal factors, such as strokes, infections, or metabolic disorders. Traumatic brain injury (TBI), the most common type of brain injury, is typically caused by external physical trauma to the head.
Hypoxia (medicine)Medical condition of lack of oxygen in the tissuesMedical conditionHypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. Hypoxia may be classified as either generalized, affecting the whole body, or local, affecting a region of the body.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.