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Nonclassical ion

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In chemistry, a nonclassical ion usually refers to carbonium ions, a family of organic cations. They are characterized by delocalized three-center, two-electron bonds. The more stable members are often bi- or polycyclic. ExamplesHistorically, nonclassical ions were invoked to explain unusually fast solvolyses of steroidal, norbornyl, and cyclopropyl halides. Explanations for these rates was once controversial.

2-Norbornyl cation2-Norbornyl cationIn organic chemistry, the term 2-norbornyl cation (or 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl cation) describes a carbonium ionic derivative of norbornane. A salt of the 2-norbornyl cation was crystallized and characterized by X-ray crystallography to confirm the non-classical structure.Carbonium ionCarbonium ionIn chemistry, a carbonium ion is a cation that has a pentacoordinatedcarbon atom. They are a type of carbocation. In older literature, the name "carbonium ion" was used for what is today called carbenium. Carbonium ions charge is delocalized in three-center, two-electron bonds. The more stable members are often bi- or polycyclic. 2-Norbornyl cationThe 2-norbornyl cation is one of the best-characterized carbonium ions. It is the prototype for non-classical ions.Organic compoundOrganic compoundOrganic compounds are a subclass of chemical compounds of carbon. Little consensus exists among chemists on the exact definition of organic compound; the only universally accepted definition is the quasi-tautological "organic compounds are the subject matter of organic chemistry". Generally, any large chemical compound containing a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond is accepted as an organic compound.ChemistryChemistryScientific study of matter's behavior and propertiesImages relating to the six main branches of chemistry, clockwise from the upper left : a BeF₂ glass network (inorganic chemistry), a caffeine molecule (organic chemistry), a reaction coordinate diagram (physical chemistry), a proton NMR spectrum (analytical chemistry), the RGS4 protein (biochemistry), and a glowstick using chemiluminescence (applied chemistry).Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.Three-center two-electron bondThree-center two-electron bondA three-center two-electron (3c–2e) bond is an electron-deficientchemical bond where three atoms share two electrons. The combination of three atomic orbitals form three molecular orbitals: one bonding, one non-bonding, and one anti-bonding. The two electrons go into the bonding orbital, resulting in a net bonding effect and constituting a chemical bond among all three atoms.Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyNuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyNuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique based on re-orientation of atomic nuclei with non-zero nuclear spins in an external magnetic field.

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