Collectively exhaustive eventsIn probability theory and logic, a set of events is jointly or collectively exhaustive if at least one of the events must occur. For example, when rolling a six-sided die, the events 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are collectively exhaustive, because they encompass the entire range of possible outcomes. Another way to describe collectively exhaustive events is that their union must cover all the events within the entire sample space.
Dummy variable (statistics)In regression analysis, a dummy variable (also known as indicator variable or just dummy) is one that takes a binary value (0 or 1) to indicate the absence or presence of some categorical effect that may be expected to shift the outcome. In machine learning this is known as one-hot encoding. Dummy variables are commonly used in regression analysis to represent categorical variables that have more than two levels, such as education level or occupation.
Logical possibilityA logical possibility is a logical proposition that cannot be disproved, using the axioms and rules of a given system of logic. The logical possibility of a proposition will depend upon the system of logic being considered, rather than on the violation of any single rule. Some systems of logic restrict inferences from inconsistent propositions or even allow for true contradictions. Other logical systems have more than two truth-values instead of a binary of such values.Probability theoryProbability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set of axioms.
Dependent and independent variablesA variable is considered dependent if it depends on (or is hypothesized to depend on) an independent variable. Dependent variables are the outcome of the test they depend on, by some law or rule (e.g., by a mathematical function). Independent variables, on the other hand, are not seen as depending on any other variable in the scope of the experiment in question. Rather, they are controlled by the experimenter.
If and only ifIn logic and related fields such as mathematics and philosophy, "if and only if" (often shortened as "iff") states that the truth values of two statements are equal. It is paraphrased by the biconditional, a logical connective between statements. The biconditional is true in two cases, where either both statements are true or both are false.
Regression analysisIn statistical modeling, regression analysis is a statistical method for estimating the relationship between a dependent variable (often called the outcome or response variable, or a label in machine learning parlance) and one or more independent variables (often called regressors, predictors, covariates, explanatory variables or features).
Standard 52-card deckThe standard 52-card deck of French-suited playing cards is the most common pack of playing cards used today. A key feature of most playing card decks is their double-sided design: the backs of all cards are identical, helping to conceal each card's identity during play, while the faces are unique and display a suit and rank used in game mechanics.
LogicStudy of correct reasoningLogic studies valid forms of inference like modus ponens.Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow from premises based on the structure of arguments alone, independent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation theory.
StatisticsStudy of collection and analysis of dataThe normal distribution, a very common probability density, is used extensively in inferential statistics.Scatter plots and line charts are used in descriptive statistics to show the observed relationships between different variables, here using the Iris flower data set.Statistics (from German: Statistik, orig.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.