Aggregate demandIn economics, aggregate demand (AD) or domestic final demand (DFD) is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a given time. It is often called effective demand, though at other times this term is distinguished. This is the demand for the gross domestic product of a country. It specifies the amount of goods and services that will be purchased at all possible price levels.
Money supplyIn macroeconomics, money supply (or money stock) refers to the total volume of money held by the public at a particular point in time. There are several ways to define "money", but standard measures usually include currency in circulation (i.e. physical cash) and demand deposits (depositors' easily accessed assets on the books of financial institutions). Money supply data is recorded and published, usually by the national statistical agency or the central bank of the country.
Monetary transmission mechanismThe monetary transmission mechanism is the process by which monetary policy decisions affect the broader macroeconomy through multiple channels including asset prices, money markets, and general economic conditions. Such decisions are implemented through various tools including interest rates, money supply, and central bank balance sheet operations to influence aggregate demand, inflation, and overall economic performance.Modern Monetary TheoryModern Monetary Theory or Modern Money Theory (MMT) is a heterodox macroeconomic theory concerning the role of fiscal and monetary policy in sovereign governments that borrow and issue government debt in their own currency. MMT departs from the mainstream economic consensus by rejecting the conventional model of central bank independence.
Velocity of moneyThe velocity of money measures the number of times that one unit of currency is used to purchase goods and services within a given time period. In other words, it represents how many times per period money is changing hands, or is circulating to other owners in return for valuable goods and services. The concept relates the size of economic activity to a given money supply. The speed of money exchange is one of the variables that determine inflation.
Monetary baseIn economics, the monetary base (also base money, money base, high-powered money, reserve money, outside money, central bank money or, in the UK, narrow money) in a country is the total amount of money created by the central bank.
Inflation targetingIn macroeconomics, inflation targeting is a monetary policy where a central bank follows an explicit target for the inflation rate for the medium-term and announces this inflation target to the public. The assumption is that the best that monetary policy can do to support long-term growth of the economy is to maintain price stability, and price stability is achieved by controlling inflation. The central bank uses short-term interest rates as its main monetary instrument.
Monetary policyMonetary policy is the policy adopted by the monetary authority of a nation to affect monetary and other financial conditions to accomplish broader objectives like high employment and price stability (normally interpreted as a low and stable rate of inflation). Further purposes of a monetary policy may be to contribute to economic stability or to maintain predictable exchange rates with other currencies.ChartalismChartalism is a heterodox theory in macroeconomics that views money as a pure creation of the state, introduced to control and organize economic activity rather than arising from barter or debt. It holds that fiat currency has value because governments impose taxes that must be paid in the currency they issue, creating demand for it.
InflationDevaluation of money's purchasing powerGlobal rates of inflation in April 2026 among International Monetary Fund membersUK and US monthly inflation rates from January 1989In economics, inflation is an increase in the average price of goods and services in terms of money, though it originally referred to the increase of the money supply (monetary inflation) that can cause such a universal shift.
Financial innovationFinancial innovation is the act of creating new financial instruments as well as new financial technologies, institutions, and markets. Recent financial innovations include hedge funds, private equity, weather derivatives, retail-structured products, exchange-traded funds, multi-family offices, and Islamic bonds (Sukuk).
CreditCredit (from Latincreditum, "loan") is the trust which allows one party to provide money or resources to another party wherein the second party does not reimburse the first party immediately (thereby generating a debt), but promises either to repay or return those resources (or other materials of equal value) at a later date. The resources provided by the first party can be either property, fulfillment of promises, or performances.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.