Modal logicModal logic is a kind of logic used to represent statements about necessity and possibility. In philosophy and related fields it is used as a tool for understanding concepts such as knowledge, obligation, and causation. For instance, in epistemic modal logic, the formula◻P{\displaystyle \Box P} can be used to represent the statement that P{\displaystyle P} is known. In deontic modal logic, that same formula can represent that P{\displaystyle P} is a moral obligation.
Counterfactual conditionalCounterfactual conditionals (also contrafactual/subjunctive/X-marked conditionals) are conditional sentences that describe what would have been true if circumstances had been different, typically when the antecedent is taken to be false or incompatible with what actually happened.
Modal verbA modal verb is a type of verb that contextually indicates a modality such as a likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestion, order, obligation, necessity, possibility or advice. Modal verbs generally accompany the base (infinitive) form of another verb having semantic content. In English, the modal verbs commonly used are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, and ought to.Tense–aspect–moodTense–aspect–mood (commonly abbreviated TAM in linguistics) or tense–modality–aspect (abbreviated as TMA) is an important group of grammatical categories, which are marked in different ways by different languages.
Modal adjectiveModal adjectives are adjectives, such as likely, probable and necessary, that express modality, i.e., possibility, necessity, or contingency. In EnglishModal adjectives can express modality regarding a situation or a participant in that situation. With situations, some usual syntactic patterns include extraposed subject, such as the underlined elements in the following examples with the modal adjective in bold.
Propositional attitudeA propositional attitude is a mental state held by an agent or organism toward a proposition. In philosophy, propositional attitudes can be considered to be neurally realized, causally efficacious, content-bearing internal states (personal principles/values). Linguistically, propositional attitudes are denoted by a verb (e.g. believed) governing an embedded "that" clause, for example, 'Sally believed that she had won'.
Theoretical linguisticsBranch of linguistics which inquires into the nature of language Theoretical linguistics, or general linguistics, is the branch of linguistics which inquires into the nature of language itself and seeks to answer fundamental questions as to what language is; how it works; how universal grammar (UG) as a domain-specific mental organ operates, if it exists at all; what its unique properties are; how language relates to other cognitive processes, etc. Theoretical linguists are most concerned with constructing models of linguistic knowledge and ultimately developing a linguistic theory.
Linguistic typologyLinguistic typology (or language typology) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features to allow their comparison. Its aim is to describe and explain the structural diversity and the common properties of the world's languages.
EvidentialityIn linguistics, evidentiality is, broadly, the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and if so, what kind. An evidential (also verificational or validational) is the particular grammatical element (affix, clitic, or particle) that indicates evidentiality. Languages with only a single evidential have had terms such as mediative, médiatif, médiaphorique, and indirective used instead of evidential.Habitual aspectGrammatical aspect signifying habit In linguistics, the aspect of a verb is a grammatical category that defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in a given action, event, or state. As its name suggests, the habitual aspect (abbreviated hab), not to be confused with iterative aspect or frequentative aspect, specifies an action as occurring habitually: the subject performs the action usually, ordinarily, or customarily.
PhilosophyPhilosophy (from Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophía), lit. 'love of wisdom') is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, knowledge, mind, reason, language, and value. It is a rational and critical inquiry that reflects on its methods and assumptions. Historically, many of the individual sciences, such as physics and psychology, formed part of philosophy.Modal adverbModal adverbs are adverbs, such as probably, necessarily, and possibly that express modality, i.e., possibility, necessity, or contingency.
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