Green Standard ArmyThe Green Standard Army (Chinese: 綠營兵; pinyin: Lǜyíngbīng; Manchu: niowanggiyan turun i kūwaran) was a category of military units under the control of China's Qing dynasty. It was made up mostly of ethnic Han soldiers and operated concurrently with the Manchu–Mongol–Han Eight Banner armies. In areas with a high concentration of Hui people, Muslims served as soldiers in the Green Standard Army.
ManchuriaKorean nameHangul만주Hanja滿洲Mongolian nameMongolian CyrillicМанжуурMongolian scriptᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷJapanese nameKanjiKanaまんしゅうManchu nameManchu scriptRomanizationManju GurunRussian nameRussianМаньчжурияRomanizationMan'chzhuriyaManchuria is a historical region in Northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day Northeast China and parts of the modern-day Russian Far East south of the Uda River and the Tukuringra-Dzhagdy ranges.
MingongMingong (Chinese: 民工) are migrant workers in the People's Republic of China, who, starting in the last decades of the 20th century, have been travelling from the countryside to the cities to work. It is a recent phase of migration in China. HistoryThe existence of these migrant workers is connected to the Hukou system of the People's Republic of China, with which the government sought to limit the ratio of urbanization of the population.
Internal migrationInternal migration or domestic migration is human migration within a country. Internal migration tends to be travel for education and for economic improvement or because of a natural disaster or civil disturbance, though a study based on the full formal economy of the United States found that the median post-move rise in income was only 1%. A general trend of rural-to-urban migration, in a process described as urbanisation, has also produced a form of internal migration.Eight BannersMilitary and administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty Eight BannersQianlong Emperor inspecting Eight BannersCountry ChinaAllegianceLater JinQing dynastyTypeArtilleryCavalryInfantryMusketeersEngagementsLater Jin invasion of JoseonQing conquest of MingBattle of NingyuanBattle of Shanhai PassQing invasion of JoseonRevolt of the Three FeudatoriesTen Great CampaignsFirst Opium War Second Opium WarTaiping RebellionBoxer RebellionXinhai Revolution Sino-Burmese War Military unit Eight BannersChinese nameChinese八旗TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinbāqíWade–Gilespa1-ch'i2Southern MinHokkien POJPat-kîMongolian nameMongolian CyrillicНайман хошууMongolian scriptᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤTranscriptionsSASM/GNCnaiman khoshuuManchu nameManchu scriptᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ ᡤᡡᠰᠠRomanizationjakūn gūsa The Eight Banners (in Manchu: ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨᡤᡡᠰᠠ jakūn gūsa, Chinese: 八旗; pinyin: bāqí; Wade–Giles: pa1-ch'i2, Mongolian: ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ) were administrative and military divisions under the Later Jin and Qing dynasties of China into which all Manchu households were placed.
GuangdongGuangdong is a coastal province in South China, on the north shore of the South China Sea with Guangzhou as the capital. With a population of 128.590 million (as of 2026) across a total area of about 179,800 km2 (69,400 sq mi), Guangdong is the Chinese province with the largest GDP, the largest population and the 15th-largest by area, as well as the fifth-most populous country subdivision and the 5th largest country subdivision by GDP in the world.
People's communeThe people's commune (Chinese: ; pinyin: rénmín gōngshè) was the highest of three administrative levels in rural areas of the People's Republic of China during the period from 1958 to 1983, until they were replaced by townships. Communes, the largest collective units, were divided in turn into production brigades and production teams. The people's commune collectivized living and working practices.
ShanghaiMunicipality and largest city in ChinaMunicipality in ChinaShanghai is a provincial-level direct-administered municipality in China. It has a population of 30,050,000 in the urban area as of 2026, thus making it China's most populous city and more broadly the fifth-largest city in the world by population. The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River bisecting the city.
Floating populationThe floating population refers to people who reside within a given population for a specific duration and for various reasons, but are not generally considered part of the official census count.
International Labour OrganizationSpecialized agency of the United NationsThe International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations (UN) agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice by setting international labour standards. Founded in October 1919 under the League of Nations, it is one of the first and oldest specialized agencies of the UN. The ILO has 187 member states: 186 out of 193 UN member states plus the Cook Islands.
HukouAlternative Chinese nameSimplified Chinese户籍Traditional ChineseTibetan nameTibetanཐེམ་ཐོUyghur nameUyghurنوپۇسHukou (Chinese: 户口; lit. 'household individual'; IPA:) is a system of household registration used in mainland China. The system itself is more properly called huji (Chinese: 户籍; lit. 'household origin'; IPA:), and has origins in ancient China; hukou is the registration of an individual in the system.
ChinaCountry in East AsiaChina, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is divided into 33 province-level divisions, including two special administrative regions. Beijing is the capital, while Shanghai is the most populous city by urban area. Its geography features the Central Plain, major rivers such as the Yangtze and Yellow River, deserts, subtropical and temperate forests, plateaus, and mountain ranges such as the Himalayas.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.