Alkoxy groupIn chemistry, the alkoxy group is an alkyl group which is singularly bonded to oxygen; thus R−O. Denoted usually with apostrophe ('). The range of alkoxy groups is vast, the simplest being methoxy (CH3O−). An ethoxy group (CH3CH2O−) is found in the organic compound ethyl phenyl ether (C6H5OCH2CH3, also known as ethoxybenzene). Related to alkoxy groups are aryloxy groups, which have an aryl group singularly bonded to oxygen such as the phenoxy group (C6H5O−).
Hammett equationIn organic chemistry, the Hammett equation describes a linear free-energy relationship relating reaction rates and equilibrium constants for many reactions involving benzoic acid derivatives with meta- and para-substituents to each other with just two parameters: a substituent constant and a reaction constant. This equation was developed and published by Louis Plack Hammett in 1937 as a follow-up to qualitative observations in his 1935 publication.
Functional groupIn organic chemistry, a functional group is any substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions regardless of the rest of the molecule's composition. This enables systematic prediction of chemical reactions and behavior of chemical compounds and the design of chemical synthesis.
Methyl groupIn organic chemistry, a methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula CH3 (whereas normal methane has the formula CH4). In formulas, the group is often abbreviated as Me. This hydrocarbon group occurs in many organic compounds. It is a very stable group in most molecules.
PhenolPhenol (also known as carbolic acid, phenolic acid, or benzenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile and can catch fire. The molecule consists of a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxy group (−OH). Mildly acidic, it requires careful handling because it can cause chemical burns. It is acutely toxic and is considered a health hazard.
Electron-withdrawing groupAn electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects. Electron-withdrawing groups have significant impacts on fundamental chemical processes such as acid-base reactions, redox potentials, and substitution reactions.
Organic chemistryOrganic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials (i.e. matter in its various forms that contain carbonatoms). It involves studying the structure of organic material to determine the structural formula, analyzing physical and chemical properties, and evaluating chemical reactivity to understand the behavior of organic compounds.
MethanolCH3OH; simplest possible alcoholA sample of methanolNames Preferred IUPAC nameMethanolOther names CarbinolColumbian spiritsHydroxymethaneMethyl alcoholMethyl hydrateMethyl hydroxideMethylic alcoholMethylolMethylene hydrate, primary alcoholPyroligneous spiritWood alcoholWood naphthaWood spiritIdentifiers CAS Number67-56-13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageAbbreviations MeOH Beilstein Reference1098229 ChEBICHEBI:17790ChEMBLChEMBL14688ChemSpider864ECHA InfoCard100.000.599EC Number200-659-6Gmelin Reference449 KEGGD02309MeSHMethanolPubChemCID887RTECS numberPC1400000UNIIY4S76JWI15UN number1230 CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID2021731InChIInChI=1S/CH4O/c1-2/h2H,1H3Key: OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/CH4O/c1-2/h2H,1H3Key: OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYAXSMILESCOProperties Chemical formulaCH3OH Molar mass32.042 g·mol Appearance Colourless liquid OdorFaint and similar to ethanol Density0.792 g/cm Melting point−97.6 °C (−143.7 °F; 175.6 K) Boiling point64.7 °C (148.5 °F; 337.8 K) Solubility in watermisciblelog P−0.69 Vapor pressure13.02 kPa (at 20 °C) Acidity (pKa) 15.5 Conjugate acidMethyloxonium Conjugate baseMethanolateMagnetic susceptibility (χ)−21.40·10 cm/mol Refractive index (nD)1.33141 Viscosity0.545 mPa·s (at 25 °C) Dipole moment1.69 D Thermochemistry Heat of combustion, higher value (HHV)725.7 kJ/mol, 173.4 kcal/mol, 5.77 kcal/g Hazards Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): Main hazardsMethanol and its vapours are flammable.Moderately toxic for small animals – Highly toxic to large animals and humans (in high concentrations) – May be fatal/lethal or cause blindness and damage to the liver, kidneys, and heart if swallowed – Toxicity effects from repeated over exposure have an accumulative effect on the central nervous system, especially the optic nerve – Symptoms may be delayed, become severe after 12 to 18 hours, and linger for several days after exposure GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordDangerHazard statementsH225, H301, H302, H305, H311, H331, H370Precautionary statementsP210, P233, P235, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P310, P311, P312, P337+P313, P361, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P405, P501NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 130Flash point11 to 12 °C (52 to 54 °F; 284 to 285 K) Autoignitiontemperature470 °C (878 °F; 743 K)385 °C (725 °F; 658 K)Explosive limits6–36% Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose)5628 mg/kg (rat, oral)7300 mg/kg (mouse, oral)12880 mg/kg (rat, oral)14200 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)LC50 (median concentration)64,000 ppm (rat, 4 h) LCLo (lowest published)33,082 ppm (cat, 6h)37,594 ppm (mouse, 2h)NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible)TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m) REL (Recommended)TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m) ST 250 ppm (325 mg/m) [skin] IDLH (Immediate danger)6000 ppm Safety data sheet (SDS) [1]Related compounds Related compoundsMethanethiolSilanolEthanolSupplementary data page Methanol (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).N verify ( ?)
OxygenChemical element with atomic number 8 (O)–↑O↓Snitrogen ← oxygen → fluorine
Steric effectsSteric effects arise from the spatial arrangement of atoms. When atoms come close together there is generally a rise in the energy of the molecule. Steric effects are nonbonding interactions that influence the shape (conformation) and reactivity of ions and molecules. Steric effects complement electronic effects, which dictate the shape and reactivity of molecules.
BenzeneBenzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar hexagonal ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. As it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is a hydrocarbon. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals.Electron-richElectron-rich is jargon that is used in multiple related meanings with either or both kinetic and thermodynamic implications: with regard to electron-transfer, electron-rich species have low ionization energy and/or are reducing agents. Tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene is an electron-rich alkene because, unlike ethylene, it forms isolable radical cation.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.