Shear forceIn solid mechanics, shearing forces are unaligned forces acting on one part of a body in a specific direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction. When the forces are collinear (aligned with each other), they are called tension forces or compression forces. Shear force can also be defined in terms of planes: "If a plane is passed through a body, a force acting along this plane is called a shear force or shearing force."BromelainBromelain is an enzyme extract derived from the stems of pineapples, although it exists in all parts of the fresh plant and fruit. The extract has a history of folk medicine use. As a culinary ingredient, it may be used as a meat tenderizer. The term "bromelain" may refer to either of two proteaseenzymes extracted from the plants of the family Bromeliaceae, or it may refer to a combination of those enzymes along with other compounds produced in an extract.
MeatAnimal flesh eaten as foodRaw meat (clockwise from left): chicken, beef, bacon, pork chopsMeat is animal tissue, mostly muscle, that is eaten as food. Humans have hunted and farmed other animals for meat since prehistory. The Neolithic Revolution allowed the domestication of vertebrates, including chickens, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and cattle, starting around 11,000 years ago.
ActinidainActinidain (EC3.4.22.14, actinidin, Actinidia anionic protease, proteinase A2 of Actinidia chinensis) is a type of cysteine protease enzyme found in fruits, including kiwifruit (genus Actinidia), pineapple, mango, banana, figs, and papaya. It is part of the peptidase C1 family of papain-like proteases. Actinidain is an allergen in kiwifruit. Actinidain is commercially used as a meat tenderizer and in coagulating milk for dairy products, like yogurt and cheese.
PapainPapain, also known as papaya proteinase I, is a cysteine protease (EC3.4.22.2) enzyme present in papaya (Carica papaya) and mountain papaya (Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis). It is the namesake member of the papain-like protease family. It has wide ranging commercial applications in the leather, cosmetic, textiles, detergents, food and pharmaceutical industries. In the food industry, papain is used as an active ingredient in many commercial meat tenderizers.
PineappleThe pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae. The pineapple is native to South America, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant to Europe in the 17th century made it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations.
TrypsinTrypsins are a type of enzyme that often function as digestive enzymes in humans and other vertebrates. They are a type of protease which means they act by helping to break bonds between amino acids in proteins. Digestive trypsins are part of an intermediate stage of protein digestion, where they cut long chains of amino acids into smaller pieces near the start of the small intestines.
HoneyHoney is a sweet and viscous substance made by several species of bees, the best-known of which are honey bees. Honey is made and stored to nourish bee colonies. Bees produce honey by gathering and then refining the sugary secretions of plants (primarily floral nectar) or the secretions of other insects, like the honeydew of aphids.
ChymotrypsinChymotrypsins (EC3.4.21.1, including enzymes called alpha-chymotrypsin, chymotrypsin A, and chymotrypsin B) are digestive enzymes that form a component of pancreatic juice acting in the duodenum, where they perform proteolysis, the breakdown of proteins and polypeptides. In humans, the corresponding enzymes are encoded by the genes CTRB1 and CTRB2.
Meat industryThe meat industry are the people and companies engaged in modern industrialized livestock agriculture for the production, packing, preservation and marketing of meat (in contrast to dairy products, wool, etc.). In economics, the meat industry is a fusion of primary (agriculture) and secondary (industry) activity and hard to characterize strictly in terms of either one alone.
PapayaThe papaya (, US: ) is the plant species Carica papaya, one of the 3 accepted species in the genusCarica of the family Caricaceae. It was first domesticated in Mesoamerica, within modern-day southern Mexico and Central America. It is grown in several countries in regions with a tropical climate. In 2024, India was the leading producer, accounting for 36% of the world total.
KiwifruitKiwifruit (often shortened to kiwi), or Chinese gooseberry (traditional Chinese: 獼猴桃; simplified Chinese: 猕猴桃; pinyin: míhóutáo), is the edible berry of several species of woody vines in the genus Actinidia. The most common cultivar group of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa 'Hayward') is oval, about the size of a large hen's egg: 5–8 centimetres (2–3 inches) in length and 4.5–5.5 cm (1+3⁄4–2+1⁄4 in) in diameter.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.