News agencyA news agency is an organization that gathers news reports and sells them to subscribing news organizations, such as newspapers, magazines and radio and televisionbroadcasters. Although there are many news agencies around the world, three global news agencies, the Associated Press (AP), Reuters, and Agence France-Presse (AFP) have offices in most countries of the world, cover all areas of media, and provide the majority of international news printed by the world's newspapers.
Digital mediaIn mass communication, digital media is any communication media that operates in conjunction with various encoded machine-readable data formats. Digital content can be created, viewed, distributed, modified, listened to, and preserved on a digital electronic device, including digital data storage media (in contrast to analog electronic media) and digital broadcasting.
Constitution of RussiaThe Constitution of the Russian Federation (Russian: Конституция Российской Федерации, romanized: Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii) was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993 and enacted on 25 December 1993.
RadioRadio is the technology of communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 3 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmitter connected to an antenna which radiates the waves. They can be received by other antennas connected to a radio receiver; this is the fundamental principle of radio communication.
Reporters Without BordersReporters Without Borders (RWB; French: Reporters sans frontières; RSF) is an international non-profit and non-governmental organization headquartered in Paris, which focuses on safeguarding the right to freedom of information.
NewspaperFront page of The New York Times on Armistice Day, 1918A newspaper is a periodicalpublication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics, business, sports, art, science, and religions.
Commonwealth of Independent StatesEurasian intergovernmental organisationThe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional intergovernmental organisation of states in Eurasia. It was formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It covers an area of 20,368,759 km (7,864,422 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 246,200,194.
TelevisionMedium for transmitting moving images and soundFlat-screen television receivers on display for sale at a consumer electronics store in May 2008Television (TV) is a telecommunicationmedium for transmitting moving images and sound. Additionally, the term can refer to a physical television set rather than the medium of transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertising, entertainment, news, and sports.
State ownershipState ownership, also called public ownership or government ownership, is the ownership of an industry, asset, property, or enterprise by the national government of a country or state, or a public body representing a community, as opposed to an individual or private party. Public ownership specifically refers to industries selling goods and services to consumers and differs from public goods and government services financed out of a government's general budget.
Self-censorshipSelf-censorship is the act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse, typically out of fear or deference to the perceived preferences, sensibilities, or infallibility of others, and often without overt external pressure. Self-censorship is commonly exhibited by film producers, directors, publishers, journalists, musicians, and social media personalities. Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees freedom of speech from all forms of censorship.
World Press Freedom IndexThe World Press Freedom Index (WPFI) is an annual ranking of 180 countries compiled and published by Reporters Without Borders (RSF) since 2002 based upon the assessment of the non-governmental organization as well as surveys of professionals around the world, of the countries' press freedom records in the previous year.
AdvertisingAdvertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a product or service. Advertising aims to present a product or service in terms of utility, advantages, and qualities of interest to consumers. It is typically used to promote a specific good or service, but there is a wide range of uses, a traditional form being commercial advertisement.
Freedom of the pressFreedom of the press also known as Free Press or freedom of the media is the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely. Such freedom implies no or minimal censorship or prior restraint from government, and is often protected by laws or a provision in a constitution.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.