Battle of Siffin657 battle of the First FitnaBelligerentsRashidun CaliphateUmayyadSyriaCommanders and leadersAli ibn Abi TalibHasan ibn AliHusayn ibn AliMuhammad ibn al-HanafiyyaMalik al-AshtarAl-Ash'ath ibn QaysAmmar ibn Yasir †Mu'awiya ibn Abi SufyanAmr ibn al-AsAbd al-Rahman ibn KhalidHabib ibn MaslamaAbu al-A'warAl-Dahhak ibn QaysUbayd Allah ibn Umar †Strength 100,000–150,000 men 130,000–150,000 menCasualties and losses 25,000 killed 45,000 killedThe Battle of Siffin (Arabic: معركة صفّين, romanized: Maʿraka Ṣiffīn) was fought in 657 CE (37 AH) between the forces of the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib and the forces of the Umayyad governor of Syria, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan.
Assassination of UthmanUthman ibn Affan, the third Rashidun caliph, who ruled from 644 to 656, was assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house in 656. This was initially a protest but escalated into a siege following the death of a protester. The protesters-turned-rebels had demanded a new caliph, which Uthman refused. On 17 June 656 (35 AH) protestors set the house on fire, made their way inside, and killed him. The assassination of Uthman had a polarizing effect on the Ummah at the time.
QāriʾA qāriʾ (Arabic: قَارِئ, Arabic pronunciation:, plural قُرَّاءqurrāʾ) is a person who recites the Quran with the proper rules of recitation (tajwid). While in modern times the term refers primarily to professional reciters, historically the qurrāʾ represented an elite class of scholars and early Muslim settlers who played a pivotal role in the administration and political history of the early Rashidun Caliphate.
Battle of the CamelBelligerentsRashidun CaliphateUthmaniyyaCommanders and leadersAli ibn Abi TalibHasan ibn AliHusayn ibn AliMuhammad ibn al-HanafiyyaMalik al-AshtarAmmar ibn YasirAbd Allah ibn AbbasMuhammad ibn Abi BakrAbu Ayyub al-AnsariAdi ibn HatimSa'id ibn QaysZayd ibn Suhan†Aisha bint Abi BakrTalha ibn Ubayd Allah†Zubayr ibn al-AwwamXAbd Allah ibn al-ZubayrMarwan ibn al-HakamAbd Allah ibn AmirMuhammad ibn Talha†Aban ibn UthmanZufar ibn al-HarithAbd Allah ibn AmrUtba ibn Abi SufyanYahya ibn al-Hakam (WIA)Al-Walid ibn UqbaStrength ~10,000 ~10,000Casualties and losses >400 – 500 >2,500The Battle of the Camel, also known as the Battle of Basra (Arabic: معركة الجمل, romanized: Maʿrakat al-Jamal), took place in 656 CE outside of Basra in Iraq.
First FitnaBelligerentsRashidun CaliphateUmayyadSyriaUthmaniyyaKharijitesCommanders and leadersAliXHasan ibn Ali (WIA)Husayn ibn AliMalik al-AshtarXAmmar ibn Yasir†Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr†Mu'awiya (WIA)Aisha(POW)Talha†ZubayrXAmr ibn al-AsMarwan ibn al-Hakam(POW)Abd Allah ibn AmirAbd Allah ibn Wahb†Hurqus ibn Zuhayr†Zayd ibn Hisn†Abd al-Rahman ibn MuljamThe First Fitna (Arabic: الفتنة الكبرى) was the first civil war in the Islamic community.
AliAli ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: عليّ بن أبي طالب, romanized: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib; c. 600 – 661 CE) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the first Shia Imam, and the fourth Rashidun caliph, serving from 656 until his assassination in 661. He is a prominent member of the Ahl al-Bayt and Ahl al-Kisa, and a participant in the Event of the mubahala.
UthmanUthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عُثْمَان بْن عَفَّان, romanized: ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān; c. 576 – 17 June 656) was the third and longest-reigned Rashidun caliph, ruling from 644 until his assassination in 656. He was also a second cousin, son-in-law, and senior companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and played a major role in early Islamic history.
Rashidun CaliphateThe Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الرّاشدة, romanized: al-Khilāfat ar-Rāshidah) was the early Islamic polity led by the first four successive caliphs (lit. "successors"): Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, collectively known as the Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided" caliphs.MadhhijMadhḥij (Arabic: مَذْحِج) is a large Qahtanite Arab tribal confederation. It is located in south and central Arabia. This confederation participated in the early Muslim conquests and was a major factor in the conquest of the Persian empire and the Byzantine Empire. According to some reports, the Islamic prophet Muhammad said that the most people in Paradise will be from Madḥaj.
Nakha (tribe)The Nakha (Arabic: النُخَع), also sometimes referred to as Nukha, were an Arabtribe of Yemen. They were a branch of the larger Madh'hij tribe. They were converted to Islam by Muadh ibn Jabal during the 7th century, during which they participated in the Islamic conquests. Notable Nakha historical figures include Malik ibn al-Harith, Alqama ibn Qays, and al-Nakhai.
KufaKufa (Arabic: الْكُوفَة "al-Kūfah"), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about 170 kilometres (110 mi) south of Baghdad, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000. Along with Najaf, Karbala, Mashhad, Kadhimiya, Samarra and Qom, Kufa is a holy city in Shia Islam. The city was founded in 638 CE (17 Hijrah) during the reign of the second Rashidun caliph, Umar.
EgyptCountry in North AfricaEgypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the to the north, Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan and the Sahara to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.