Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of TurenneHenri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne (11 September 1611 – 27 July 1675), commonly known as Turenne (French:), was a French general and one of only six marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France. The most illustrious member of the La Tour d'Auvergne family, his military exploits over his five-decade career earned him a reputation as one of the greatest military commanders in history.
The FrondeBelligerentsKingdom of FranceParlements (1648–1649)Princes of the Blood (1650–1653)Commanders and leadersLouis XIVAnne of AustriaCardinal MazarinCondé (1650-1651)Turenne (from 1651)Gaston of OrleansPrince of Conti (from 1651)CondéCasualties and losses 50,000+ total deathsThe Fronde was a civil war fought in France between 1648 and 1653. The term comes from the French noun for slingshot, and was originally a derogatory term for the rebels.
Battle of Rocroi49°55′10″N4°31′40″E / 49.91944°N 4.52778°E / 49.91944; 4.52778BelligerentsFranceSpanish EmpireCommanders and leadersLe Grand CondéJean de GassionDuke of La Ferté-SenneterreFrancisco de MeloDuke of AlburquerquePaul-Bernard de Fontaines†Graf von IsenburgStrength23,000 16,000 infantry7,000 cavalry12 guns23,000–26,000 15,000–19,000 infantry8,000 cavalry18 gunsCasualties and losses 4,0007,300–15,000 dead, wounded or captured 18 gunsThe Battle of Rocroi, fought on 19 May 1643, was a major engagement of the Thirty Years' War between a French army, led by the 21-year-old Duke of Enghien (later known as the Great Condé) and Spanish forces under General Francisco de Melo only five days after the accession of Louis XIV to the throne of France after his father's death.
Cardinal MazarinJules Mazarin (born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino or Mazarini; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), from 1641 known as Cardinal Mazarin, was an Italian Catholic prelate, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the Kings of FranceLouis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 to his death. He was made a cardinal in 1641. After serving as a papal diplomat for Pope Urban VIII, Mazarin offered his diplomatic services to Cardinal Richelieu and moved to Paris in 1640.
Anne of AustriaHouseHabsburgFatherPhilip III of SpainMotherMargaret of AustriaReligionRoman CatholicismSignatureAnne of Austria (French: Anne d'Autriche; Spanish: Ana de Austria; born Ana María Mauricia; 22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666) was Queen of France from 1615 to 1643 by marriage to King Louis XIII. She was also Queen of Navarre until the kingdom's annexation into the French crown in 1620.
Louis XIVHouseBourbonFatherLouis XIIIMotherAnne of AustriaReligionCatholicismSignatureLouis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715) was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. He is a symbol of the Age of Absolutism in Europe for styling himself as "The Sun King" (Le Roi Soleil) and "Louis the Great", which portrayed him as supreme leader.
House of BourbonCadet branch of French Capetian dynasty This article needs more citations. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)Part of the Thirty Years' WarBelligerentsPhase I: 1635–1648 France Dutch RepublicSavoyMantuaModena and ReggioParmaPhase II: 1648–1659 FranceSavoyModena and ReggioEnglandPhase I: 1635–1648Spanish Empire Holy Roman EmpireParmaModena and ReggioPhase II: 1648–1659Spanish EmpireCommanders and leadersLouis XIIILouis XIVCardinal RichelieuCardinal MazarinTurenneCondéChoiseulColignyde la Portede Gassion (DOW)La Ferté-SenneterreBernard of Saxe-WeimarFrederick HenryOliver CromwellPhilip IVOlivaresde HaroCardinal-Infante FerdinandFrancisco de MeloJohn of AustriaCaracenaCondéPedro de VélezArchduke LeopoldPiccolominiStrengthFrance:c. 100,000–125,000Spain:200,000 (1640)Casualties and lossesFrance:c. 200,000 to 300,000+ killed or wounded in combatSpain:UnknownThe Franco-Spanish War, from May 1635 to November 1659, was fought between France and Spain, each supported by various allies at different points.
Thirty Years' WarBelligerentsAnti-Habsburg alliance prior to 1635BohemiaSwedenPalatinateSavoyDutch RepublicDenmark–NorwayHeilbronn LeagueHesse-KasselBrandenburg-PrussiaSaxonyPro-Habsburg alliance prior to 1635Habsburg MonarchySpanish EmpireBavariaCatholic LeaguePost-1635 Peace of PragueFranceSwedenDutch RepublicHesse-KasselPost-1635 Peace of PragueHoly Roman EmpireSpanish EmpireBavariaCommanders and leadersGustavus Adolphus†Axel OxenstiernaJohan BanérLennart TorstenssonCarl WrangelBernard of Saxe-WeimarGustav HornLouis XIIICardinal RichelieuCardinal MazarinCondéHenri TurenneFrederick HenryMaurice of OrangeFrederick VChristian IIJindřich ThurnMansfeldChristian IChristian IVJohn George IGabriel BethlenFerdinand IIFerdinand IIIWallensteinMatthias GallasArchduke LeopoldMelchior von Hatzfeldtvon Holzappel†Ottavio PiccolominiCount Tilly†Pappenheim†Charles of LorraineMontecuccoliPhilip IVOlivaresCórdobaAmbrogio SpinolaCardinal-Infante FerdinandMaximilian IFranz von Mercy†Johann von WerthStrengthMaximum actual:100,000–140,000 Swedish27,000 Danes (1626)70,000–80,000 French80,000–90,000 DutchMaximum actual:110,000 Imperial90,000 Spanish20,500 BavariansCasualties and lossesCombat deaths: 110,000 in Swedish service 80,000 in French serviceCombat deaths: 120,000 in Imperial serviceTotal military deaths: 1,300,000 to 1,800,000Total civilian and military deaths: 4,500,000 to 8,000,000The Thirty Years' War, fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.Princes of CondéThe Most Serene House of Bourbon-Condé (pronounced [buʁbɔ̃ kɔ̃de]), named after Condé-en-Brie (now in the Aisne département), was a French princely house and a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon. The name of the house was derived from the title of Prince of Condé (French: prince de Condé) that was originally assumed around 1557 by the French Protestant leader Louis de Bourbon (1530–1569), uncle of King Henry IV of France, and borne by his male-line descendants.Franco-Dutch War1672–1678 European warBelligerents France England (1672–1674)Münster (1672–1674)Cologne (1672–1674)Swedish Empire (from 1674)Dutch RepublicHoly Roman Empire (from 1673)Habsburg Spain (from 1673)Brandenburg-Prussia (from 1673)Lorraine (from 1673)Denmark-Norway (from 1674) England (1678)Commanders and leadersLouis XIVLouvoisTurenne †CondéLuxembourgCréquyVaubanSchombergEstréesDuquesneCharles II of EnglandYorkRupertCharles XICarl Gustaf WrangelMaximilian HenryBernhard von GalenWilliam III of OrangeDe Witt XDe Ruyter †Nassau-SiegenRabenhauptAylvaTrompLeopold IMontecuccoliBournonvilleFrederick WilliamCharles IVCharles VCharles II of SpainMariana of AustriaVillahermosaSan GermánChristian VNiels JuelStrength 253,000 (peak) 30,000 80,000 132,350 (annual average) 25,000 30,000 (peak)Casualties and losses 120,000 killed or wounded 100,000 killed or woundedThe Franco-Dutch War, 1672 to 1678, was primarily fought by France and the Dutch Republic, with both sides backed at different times by a variety of allies.
French languageFrench (français or langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. Like all other Romance languages, French and its closest relatives—the langues d'oïl, historically spoken in northern France and southern Belgium—descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. It was influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul and by the GermanicFrankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.