Civil law (legal system)Civil law is a legal system rooted in the Roman Empire and was comprehensively codified and disseminated starting in the 19th century, most notably with France's Napoleonic Code (1804) and Germany's Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (1900). Unlike common law systems, which rely heavily on judicial precedent, civil law systems are characterized by their reliance on legal codes that function as the primary source of law.
LawLaw is a set of rules that are created and enforced by governmental or societal institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a legislature, resulting in statutes; by the executive through decrees and regulations; or by judges' decisions, which form precedent in common law jurisdictions.
SwedenCountry in northern EuropeSweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east, and shares a maritime border with Denmark to the south. At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi) and with a population of 10.6 million, Sweden is the largest and most populous Nordic country, and is the fifth-largest country in Europe.
StatuteA statute is a law or formal written enactment of a legislature. Statutes typically declare, command or prohibit something. Statutes are distinguished from court law and unwritten law (also known as common law) in that they are the expressed will of a legislative body, whether that be on the behalf of a country, state or province, county, municipality, or so on.
DenmarkDenmark is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the metropole and most populous constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark, also known as the Danish Realm, a constitutionallyunitary state that includes the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland in the north Atlantic Ocean. Metropolitan Denmark, also called "continental Denmark" or "Denmark proper", consists of the northern Jutlandpeninsula and an archipelago of 406 islands.
FinlandCountry in Northern EuropeFinland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, opposite Estonia. Its capital and largest city is Helsinki. Finland has a population of 5.7 million.
Corpus Juris CivilisThe Corpus Juris (or Iuris) Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, enacted from 529 to 534 by order of Roman EmperorJustinian I. It is also sometimes referred to metonymically after one of its parts, the Code of Justinian.
NorwayCountry in northern Europe Kingdom of NorwayKongeriket Norge (Bokmål)Kongeriket Noreg (Nynorsk) (in other official languages) Northern Sami:Norgga gonagasriikaLule Sami:Vuona gånågisrijkkaSouthern Sami:Nöörjen gånkarïjhkeKven:Norjan kuninkhaanvaltakunta Flag Coat of arms Anthem: Ja, vi elsker dette landet(English: "Yes, we love this country")Royal anthem: Kongesangen(English: "King's Song") Show globeShow map of EuropeShow overseas territories and dependenciesLocation of the Kingdom of Norway (green)in Europe (green and dark grey)Capitaland largest cityOslo59°56′N 10°41′E / 59.933°N 10.683°E / 59.933; 10.683Official languagesNorwegianSámiRecognised national sign languagesNorwegian Sign LanguageRecognised national minority languagesKvenRomaniScandoromaniEthnic groups (2025) 78.6% Norwegian 21.4% others Religion (2024)68.5% Christianity 61.7% Church of Norway 6.8% other Christian 27.3% no religion3.4% Islam0.8% otherDemonymNorwegianGovernmentUnitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy• Monarch Haakon VIII• Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre• President of the Storting Masud Gharahkhani• Chief Justice Toril Marie Øie LegislatureStortingUnification of the petty kingdoms• State established 872• Peak extent of the Old Kingdom 1263• Kalmar Union (personal union) 1397• Denmark–Norway (real union) 1524• State re-established 25 February 1814• Constitution 17 May 1814• Kingdoms of Sweden–Norway (personal union) 4 November 1814• Union dissolved 7 June 1905 Area • Total385,207 km2 (148,729 sq mi) (61sta)• Water (%)5.32 (2015)Population• 2026 Q2 estimate 5,633,770 (116th)• Density14.6/km2 (37.8/sq mi) (224th)GDP (PPP)2026 estimate• Total $654.160 billion (49th)• Per capita $115,548 (5th)GDP (nominal)2026 estimate• Total $599.406 billion (30th)• Per capita $105,877 (6th)Gini (2020) 25.3low inequalityHDI (2023) 0.970very high (2nd)CurrencyNorwegian krone (NOK)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)• Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Date formatdd.mm.yyyyCalling code+47ISO 3166 codeNOInternet TLD.nob Includes the mainland, Svalbard and Jan Mayen.Law of GermanyThe law of Germany (German: Deutsches Recht), that being the modern German legal system (German: deutsches Rechtssystem), is a system of civil law which is founded on the principles laid out by the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, though many of the most important laws, for example most regulations of the civil code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, or BGB) were developed prior to the 1949 constitution.
Roman lawRoman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (c. 449 BC), to the Corpus Juris Civilis (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law also denoted the legal system applied in most of Western Europe until the end of the 18th century. In Germany, Roman law practice remained in place longer under the Holy Roman Empire (963–1806).
Napoleonic CodeFamilyWives Joséphine de BeauharnaisMarie LouiseChildren Charles LéonAlexandre WalewskiNapoleon IIParents Carlo Maria BuonaparteLetizia RamolinoBrothers JosephLucienLouisJérômeSisters CarolinePaulineElisaLife and careerTimelineFirst French EmpireClient statesCoup of 18 BrumaireConsulateAssassination attemptsConstitutions 1799180218041815Napoleonic WarsCoronationSale of LouisianaPlanned invasion of the United KingdomHollandMesures usuellesLooting of artTacticsWeaponry and warfare1st abdication1st exileRoute Napoléon2nd abdicationDeathmaskBattles and warsFrench Revolutionary WarsWar of the First CoalitionFrench RevolutionSiege of Toulon13 VendémiaireItalian Campaign of 1796-1797Montenotte CampaignBattle of LodiBattle of CastiglioneBattle of BassanoBattle of ArcoleBattle of RivoliSiege of MantuaFall of VeniceFrench campaign in Egypt and SyriaBattle of the PyramidsBattle of Mount TaborSiege of AcreBattle of AboukirWar of the Second CoalitionMarengo campaignBattle of MarengoNapoleonic WarsWar of the Third CoalitionUlm CampaignBattle of UlmBattle of AusterlitzWar of the Fourth CoalitionBattle of Jena-AuerstedtGreater Poland UprisingBattle of EylauBattle of FriedlandPeninsular WarBattle of SomosierraWar of the Fifth CoalitionBattle of EckmühlBattle of Aspern-EsslingBattle of WagramFrench invasion of RussiaBattle of SmolenskBattle of BorodinoBattle of the BerezinaWar of the Sixth CoalitionGerman campaign of 1813Battle of LützenBattle of BautzenBattle of DresdenBattle of LeipzigCampaign of FranceBattle of La RothièreSix Days' CampaignBattle of VauchampsBattle of MontereauBattle of LaonBattle of ReimsBattle of Arcis-sur-AubeHundred DaysWaterloo campaignBattle of LignyBattle of WaterlooViewsCatholic ChurchConcordat of 1801TiaraJewish peopleGrand SanhedrinInfamous DecreeProtestantsOrganic ArticlesSlavery Law of 20 May 1802Homes and honoursEquestrian statuePalace of FontainebleauLes InvalidesLongwood HouseMaison BonaparteNapoleon as Mars the PeacemakerMilanWarsaw monumentLegacyEgyptologyRosetta StoneMémoires sur l'ÉgypteDescription de l'ÉgypteInstitut d'ÉgypteBank of FranceFrench Prefecture SystemLegion of HonourNapoleonic CodeCoinagePublic works Pont d'IénaSimplon PassArc de TriompheColumn of the Grande ArméeRue de la VictoireCultural depictionsPropagandaSymphony No. 3 (Beethoven)Valentin VodnikPan TadeuszWar and PeaceCrime and PunishmentNapoleon complex"Red Napoleon" termGerman RomanticismBonapartism"China is a sleeping giant" quoteTombRetour des cendresPenisStudiesThe Napoleonic Code (French: Code Napoléon), officially the Civil Code of the French (French: Code civil des Français; simply referred to as Code civil), is the Frenchcivil code established during the French Consulate in 1804 and still in force in France, although heavily and frequently amended since its inception.
Faroe IslandsThe Faroe Islands ( FAIR-oh), also known as the Faroes, are an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean and a rigsdel ('autonomous territory') of the Kingdom of Denmark. Located between Iceland, Norway, and the Hebrides and Shetland isles of Scotland, the islands have a population of 54,870 as of November 2025 and a land area of 1,393 km2 (538 sq mi). The official language is Faroese, which is partially mutually intelligible with Icelandic.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.