Transformer (deep learning)Algorithm for modelling sequential data
Neural network (machine learning)Computational model used in machine learningA neural network is an interconnected group of nodes, inspired by a simplification of neurons in a brain. Here, each blue/green circular node in the hidden and output layers represents an artificial neuron and each red circular node in the far left layer represents an input data value.Natural language processingProcessing of natural language by a computer Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of natural language information by a computer. NLP is a subfield of computer science and is closely associated with artificial intelligence. NLP is also related to information retrieval, knowledge representation, computational linguistics, and linguistics more broadly.
Machine learningSubset of artificial intelligenceMachine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without being explicitly programmed. Statistics and mathematical optimisation methods compose the foundations of machine learning.
ChatGPTGenerative AI chatbot by OpenAIChatGPT is a generative AI chatbot developed by OpenAI. Originally released on November 30, 2022, the product uses large language models—specifically generative pre-trained transformers (GPTs)—to generate text, speech, and images in response to user prompts. ChatGPT accelerated the AI boom, an ongoing period marked by rapid investment and public attention toward the field of artificial intelligence (AI).
Generative pre-trained transformerA generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) is a type of large language model (LLM) that is widely used in generative artificial intelligencechatbots. GPTs are based on a deep learning architecture called the transformer. They are pre-trained on large datasets of unlabeled content, and able to generate novel content. OpenAI was the first to apply generative pre-training to the transformer architecture, introducing the GPT-1 model in 2018.
ChatbotA chatbot (originally chatterbot) is a software application or web interface designed to converse through text or speech, functioning as a conversation partner. Chatbots have existed for decades, but chatbots based on deep learning have gained popularity during the AI boom of the 2020s, with the releases of generative AI (GenAI) chatbots such as ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, DeepSeek and Grok. These chatbots typically use fine-tunedlarge language models (LLMs) to generate text.
Grok (chatbot)Large language model family by SpaceXAIGrok is a series of generative AI large language models developed by SpaceXSI. It was launched in November 2023 by Elon Musk as an initiative based on the large language model (LLM) of the same name. Grok has apps for iOS and Android and is integrated with the X social network and Tesla's Optimus robot where it has chatbot functionality.
Claude (AI)Large language model and AI chatbot by AnthropicClaude is a series of large language models (LLMs) developed by American software company Anthropic. Claude was released as an AI-based chatbot in March 2023. It is also used in AI-assisted software development. Anthropic sells Claude-based agentic tools including Claude Code, a terminal coding agent, and Claude Cowork, a similar tool for non-programmers.
Natural language generationNatural language generation (NLG) is a software process that produces natural language output. A widely cited survey of NLG methods describes NLG as "the subfield of artificial intelligence and computational linguistics that is concerned with the construction of computer systems that can produce understandable texts in English or other human languages from some underlying non-linguistic representation of information".
Google GeminiGemini, sometimes marketed as Google Gemini and originally known as Bard, is a generative artificial intelligence chatbot and virtual assistant developed by Google. It is powered by the family of large language models (LLMs) of the same name, previously based on LaMDA and PaLM 2. The Gemini chatbot can process and generate text, computer code, images, audio, and video simultaneously.
DeepSeek (AI)DeepSeek is a series of large language models developed by the Chinese company DeepSeek. The series began in November 2023. A model released on 20 January 2025, DeepSeek-R1, became a breakthrough success, surpassing ChatGPT as the most downloaded freeware app on the iOS App Store in the United States by 27 January. DeepSeek's success against larger and more established rivals has been described as "upending AI" and initiating "a global AI space race".
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