NavigationProcess of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicleMap reading with a paper trail mapNavigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation.
AzimuthAn azimuth (; from Arabic: اَلسُّمُوت, romanized: as-sumūt, lit.'the directions') is the horizontalangle from a cardinal direction, most commonly north, in a local or observer-centric spherical coordinate system.
Coordinate systemIn geometry, a coordinate system is a system that uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to uniquely determine and standardize the position of the points or other geometric elements on a manifold such as Euclidean space. The coordinates are not interchangeable; they are commonly distinguished by their position in an ordered tuple, or by a label, such as in "the x-coordinate".
Course (navigation)In navigation, the course of a watercraft or aircraft is the cardinal direction in which the craft is to be steered. The course is to be distinguished from the heading, which is the direction where the watercraft's bow or the aircraft's nose is pointed. The path that a vessel follows is called a track or, in the case of aircraft, ground track (also known as course made good or course over the ground). The intended track is a route.
Topographic mapIn modern mapping, a topographic map or topographic sheet is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief features, usually using contour lines (connecting points of equal elevation), but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and artificial features.
OrienteeringOrienteering is a group of sports in which participants use a map and compass to navigate from point to point in unfamiliar terrain as quickly as possible. The sport originated from military land-navigation training in the late 19th century. It has since evolved into several competitive forms where participants race against the clock and other competitors while navigating through checkpoints. Variants include automobile, underwater, mountain bike, ski, and trail orienteering.
CompassA modern military compass, with included sight device for aligningA compass is a device that shows the cardinal directions used for navigation and geographic orientation. It typically consists of a magnetized needle or another element, such as a compass card or compass rose, that pivots to align itself with magnetic north. Other methods may be used, including gyroscopes, magnetometers, and GPS receivers.
MapIn cartography, a map is a representation or abstraction of geographic reality. Maps are used for a wide range of purposes, including navigation, scientific research, governance, and warfare. A common use is route planning, which enables users to find their way to their destination. Specialized maps, called charts, are used for nautical navigation (nautical charts) and aviation (aeronautical charts).
Tuareg peopleBerber ethnic group of the Sahara desertEthnic groupThe Tuareg people or the Tuaregs are an Amazigh ethnic group. They are traditionally nomadicpastoralists who principally inhabit the Sahara in an area stretching from southwestern Libya to southern Algeria, Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, and as far as northern Nigeria, with smaller communities in Chad and Sudan known as the Kinnin. Their population is estimated to be 4 to 5 million worldwide.
InuitEthnic groupInuit (singular: Inuk) are a group of culturally and historically similar Indigenous peoples traditionally inhabiting the Arctic and Subarctic regions of North America and Russia, including Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, Yukon (traditionally), and Alaska. The Inuit languages are part of the Eskaleut languages, also known as Inuit-Yupik-Unangan and as Eskimo–Aleut.
SaharaThe Sahara (, ) is a desert spanning North Africa. With an area of 9,200,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi), it is the largest hot desert in the world and the third-largest desert overall, smaller only than the deserts of Antarctica and the northern Arctic. The desert covers much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the coast, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley in Egypt and the Sudan.
ArcticPolar region of the Earth's northern hemisphereThe Arctic Circle, currently at roughly 66° north of the Equator, defines the boundary of the Arctic seas and landsA political map showing land ownership within the Arctic regionArtificially coloured topographical map of the Arctic regionMODIS image of the ArcticAerial photo of the Greenlandic Ice SheetThe Arctic (; from Ancient Greek ἄρκτος (árktos) 'bear') is the polar region of Earth that surrounds the North Pole, lying north of the Arctic Circle.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.