United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 was a 20 July 2015 resolution endorsing the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) on the nuclear program of Iran. It sets out an inspection process and schedule while also preparing for the removal of United Nations sanctions against Iran.
HESA Shahed 136Iranian-made droneThe HESA Shahed 136 (Persian: شاهد ۱۳۶, lit. 'Witness 136'), also known by its Russian designation Geran-2 (Russian: Герань-2, lit. 'Geranium-2'), is an Iranian-designed one-way attack drone, also referred to as a kamikaze drone or suicide drone, in the form of an autonomouspusher-propelleddrone. It is designed and manufactured by the Iranian state-owned corporation HESA in association with Shahed Aviation Industries.
Shahed 131The Shahed 131 (Persian: شاهد ۱۳۱, literally "Witness 131"), or Geran-1 (Russian: Герань-1, literally "Geranium-1") in Russian service, is an Iranian-made one-way attack drone which came to prominence in October 2022 during the Russo-Ukrainian war, when it was used by Russia to attack critical Ukrainian infrastructure and civilian targets. It is powered by a Wankel engine model Shahed-783/788.
International sanctions against IranEconomic sanctions against Iran by the United States and other countriesInternational sanctions against Iran are a set of punitive economic and diplomatic measures imposed by the United Nations, and also unilaterally by the United States, the European Union, and numerous other countries and international bodies.
Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)BelligerentsRussiaBelarusNorth KoreaUkraineCommanders and leadersVladimir PutinValery GerasimovSergei ShoiguAndrey BelousovVolodymyr ZelenskyyMykhailo DrapatyiOleksandr SyrskyiValerii ZaluzhnyiUnits involvedOrder of battleOrder of battleStrengthPre-invasion at border:169,000–190,000Pre-invasion total:900,000 military554,000 paramilitaryIn February 2023:300,000+ active personnel in UkraineIn June 2024:700,000 active personnel in the areaPre-invasion total:196,600 military102,000 paramilitaryJuly 2022 total:up to 700,000September 2023 total:over 800,000Casualties and losses Reports vary widely, see § Casualties for details.On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine, starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II, in a major escalation of the existing war between the two countries that began when Russia attacked Ukraine in 2014.
United States and the Russo-Ukrainian warThe United States has supported Ukraine during the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war. The Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began in February 2022, was condemned by the Biden administration, which provided military, financial, and humanitarian aid to Ukraine, and imposed sanctions against Russia and Belarus. However, the second Trump administration since 2025 has proposed a peace deal and increasingly sought to distance itself from financially supporting Ukrainian resistance.
RussiaRussia, or the Russian Federation, is a country in Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the largest country in the world, spanning eleven time zones and sharing land borders with fourteen countries. With a population of over 140 million, Russia is the most populous country in Europe and the ninth-most populous in the world. It is a highly urbanised country, with three-fourths of its population living in urban areas.
UkraineCountry in Eastern EuropeUkraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the north; Poland and Slovakia to the west; Hungary, Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south and southeast. Kyiv is Ukraine's capital and largest city, followed by Kharkiv, Odesa, and Dnipro. The official language is Ukrainian.
Reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of UkraineUN General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1 vote on 2 March 2022 condemning the invasion of Ukraine and demanding a complete withdrawal of Russian troops. In favour Against Abstained Absent Non-memberOn 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War which began in 2014. The invasion caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II, with more than 8.2 million Ukrainians fleeing the country and a third of the population displaced.
Nuclear program of IranMap of reported nuclear-related sites in IranThe nuclear program of Iran consists of an extensive infrastructure of research sites, uranium mines, research reactors, uranium processing facilities, enrichment sites, the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant (the country’s sole operational power reactor, currently expanding with two additional units), and the developing Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant in Khuzestan.
Loitering munitionType of guided unmanned aerial vehicleRussian ZALA Lancet loitering munition, with electro-optical targeting system at the frontNCSIST Chien Hsiang, along with its launching system behind, is an anti-radiation (anti-radar) loitering munition designed to search for and destroy radar systems using only an anti-radiation seekerA loitering munition (LM) is a type of self-destructive unmanned vehicle (aerial (UAV), surface (USV), or underwater (UUV)) equipped with a warhead that is typically designed to remotely loiter by a human operator using electro-optical targeting sensors or camera suite and data-link until a target is designated, then crash into it and detonate.
IranIran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and historically known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the northeast, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, and the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. With a population of over 92 million, Iran ranks 17th globally in both geographic size and population.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.