TransponderIn telecommunications, a transponder is a device that, upon receiving a signal, emits a different signal in response. The term is a blend of transmitter and responder. In air navigation or radio frequency identification, a flight transponder is an automated transceiver in an aircraft that emits a coded identifying signal in response to an interrogating received signal.
RadarRadar is a system that uses radio waves to determine the distance (ranging), direction (azimuth and elevation angles), and radial velocity of objects relative to the site. It is a radiodetermination method used to detect and track aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations and terrain. The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for "radio detection and ranging".
Combat identificationCombat identification is the means of military communications by which units distinguish own and allied forces from enemy in combat and reduce the risk of friendly fire. It includes military uniform markings, vehicle markings, etc. One of the common methods is transponder-based identification friend or foe. United KingdomThe British military uses tactical recognition flashes on the uniform sleeves.
Anti-aircraft warfareMeasures to combat enemy aerial forcesShort- and long-range AA systems used by the Dutch Joint Ground-based Air Defence CommandAnti-aircraft warfare (AAW) or air defence (air defense in American English) is the counter to aerial warfare and includes "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action".
TriangulationIn trigonometry and geometry, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by forming triangles to the point from known points. ApplicationsIn surveyingSpecifically in surveying, triangulation involves only angle measurements at known points, rather than measuring distances to the point directly as in trilateration; the use of both angles and distance measurements is referred to as .
Friendly fireIn military terminology, friendly fire or fratricide is an unintentional attack by allied or neutral forces on friendly troops while attempting to attack enemy or hostile targets. Many NATO militaries refer to these incidents as blue on blue. Examples include misidentifying the target as hostile, cross-fire while engaging an enemy, and long-range ranging errors or inaccuracy.
Air traffic controlAir traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based air traffic controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace. The primary purpose of ATC is to prevent collisions, organise and expedite the flow of air traffic, and provide information and other support for pilots. In some countries, ATC can also provide advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace.
World War IIGlobal conflict from 1939 to 1945BelligerentsAlliesAxisCommanders and leadersMain Allied leaders: Joseph StalinFranklin D. RooseveltWinston ChurchillChiang Kai-shekMain Axis leaders: Adolf HitlerHirohitoBenito MussoliniCasualties and losses 60–75 million deaths (military and civilian) World War II, or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945), was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Battle of Barking CreekThe Battle of Barking Creek was a friendly fire incident over the East Coast of England in the earliest days of the Second World War. On 6 September 1939, aircraft from several 11 Group, RAF Fighter Command squadrons, were scrambled to intercept German aircraft detected by radar (RDF) flying towards the English coast. The radar plots were reflections of British aircraft flying inland.
General aviationGeneral aviation (GA) is defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as all civil aviation aircraft operations except for commercial air transport or aerial work, which is defined as specialized aviation services for other purposes. However, for statistical purposes, ICAO uses a definition of general aviation which includes aerial work.
Command and controlCommand and control (abbr. C2) is a "set of organizational and technical attributes and processes ... [that] employs human, physical, and information resources to solve problems and accomplish missions" to achieve the goals of an organization or enterprise, according to a 2015 definition by military scientists Marius Vassiliou, David S. Alberts, and .Air attack on the fortress of KoepenickThe air attack on the fortress of Koepenick is the sarcastic moniker of an incident in the air war over Germany during World War II. It took place in October 1943 and was an example of target confusion. The US 8th Air Force sent 119 bombers to attack the western town of Düren, but the German air force, Luftwaffe, incorrectly chased a phantom target all the way to Plzeň.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.