Old Covenant (Iceland)The Old Covenant (Modern Icelandic: Gamli sáttmáli; Old Norse: ) was the name of the agreement which effected the union of Iceland and Norway. It is also known as Gissurarsáttmáli, named after Gissur Þorvaldsson, the Icelandic chieftain who worked to promote it. The name "Old Covenant", however, is probably due to historical confusion. Gamli sáttmáli is properly the treaty of 1302 mentioned below and the treaty of 1262 is the actual Gissurarsáttmáli.
AlthingThe Alþingi (Icelandic:; Icelandic for 'general meeting', anglicised as Althing or Althingi) is the national legislature of Iceland, which is also known in the English language as the Icelandic Parliament or as the Parliament of Iceland. Established in 930, it is the oldest legislature in the world.
IcelandIsland country in the Atlantic OceanIceland is a Nordicisland country between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Europe and North America. It is Europe's westernmost and most sparsely populated country.
NorwegiansNorwegians (Norwegian: Nordmenn, lit. 'Northmen') are an ethnic group and nation native to Norway, where they form the vast majority of the population. They share a common culture and speak the Norwegian language. Norwegians are descended from the Norse of the Early Middle Ages who formed a unified Kingdom of Norway in the 9th century.
Icelandic languageIcelandic or Icelandish ( , ; endonym: íslenska, pronounced, íslensk tunga) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about 390,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in Iceland, where it is the national language. Since it is a West Scandinavian language, it is most closely related to Faroese, western Norwegian dialects, and the extinct languageNorn.
Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)Former Kingdom in Europe The Norwegian Realm Norwegian Realm Konungsríki Noregr (Old Norwegian) Konungsríki Noregi (Middle Norwegian) 872–1397 Likely royal banner used since the 13th century Coat of arms variant used from the 12th–13th century Areas under the Crown of Norway (green), vassals of Norway (purple), joint tax territory (blue)Status Regional state(872–1027) Unitary state(1027–1380) Capital Ǫgvaldsnes (Avaldsnes)(872–997) Niðaróss (Trondheim)(997–1016, 1028–1067, 1150–1217) Borg (Sarpsborg)(1016–1028) Biǫrgvín (Bergen)(1067–1123, 1217–1314) Konungahella (Kungälv)(1123 – c. 1150) Ósló(1314–1397) Common languagesMajority languages: Old Norse Old Norwegian Norn Old Icelandic Old Faroese Greenlandic Norse Other languages: GaelicOld SwedishSamiGreenlandicOld DanishBrythonic Lingua franca: LatinMiddle Low German Writing system: Younger Futhark(872–1100)Medieval runes(1100–1397)Latin(1015–1397) Religion State religion:Roman Catholicism (1015–1397) Other religions:Norse paganism(decentralized beliefs, myths and practices)Sámi shamanism(among Finno-Ugric people)goðlauss (lack of faith in any deity)DemonymsNorwegian Sami peopleGovernmentDecentralised thing system alongside a non-feudal monarchyMonarch • 872–932 Harald I (first)• 1387–1397 Margaret I (last) LegislatureNone(872–c. 1000)Þing (i.e. Gulatingslǫg, Borgarþingslǫg, Heiðsævisþing, and Frostuþingslǫg)(c. 1000–c. 1300)Riksråd(c. 1300–1397)Historical eraMiddle Ages• Established 872• Disestablished 1397 CurrencyNorwegian penning(995–1397) Preceded by Succeeded by Petty kingdoms of Norway Icelandic Commonwealth North Sea Empire Kalmar Union Hanseatic League Today part ofSee: Loss of Norwegian possessions The term Norwegian Realm (Old Norse: *Noregsveldi, Bokmål: Norgesveldet, Nynorsk: Noregsveldi or Noregsveldet) and Old Kingdom of Norway refer to the Kingdom of Norway's peak of power in the 13th century after a long period of civil war before 1240.
Monarchy of NorwayThe monarchy of Norway is the system used in Norway by which a reigns as head of state under a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. The Norwegian monarchy can trace its line back to the reign of Harald Fairhair and the previous petty kingdoms which were united to form Norway; it has been in unions with both Sweden and Denmark for long periods.
Age of the SturlungsThe Age of the Sturlungs or the Sturlung Era (Icelandic: Sturlungaöld [ˈstʏ(r)tluŋkaˌœlt]) was a 42-/44-year period of violent internal strife in mid-13th-century Iceland. It is documented in the Sturlunga saga. This period is marked by the conflicts of local chieftains, goðar, who amassed followers and fought wars, and is named for the Sturlungs, the most powerful family clan in Iceland at the time.
Stateless societySociety lacking state-like organization Map of the world in 1000 BCE, color-coded by type of society. At this time, most of the world had not yet developed complex government. hunter-gatherers nomadic pastoralism simple farming societies complex farming societies/chiefdoms state societies uninhabited Area of iron working, c. 1000 BCE Area of bronze working, c. 1000 BCE A stateless society is a society that is not governed by a state.PaparThe Papar (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈpʰaːpar̥]; from Latin papa, via Old Irish, meaning "father" or "pope") were Irish and Scottish monks who took eremitic residence in the Hebrides, the Northern Isles, the Faroe Islands and parts of Iceland from the late sixth to the late eighth century, before the expansion of Norse settlement around the North Atlantic. Their existence is attested by the early Icelandic sagas and recent archaeological findings.
HermitA hermit, also known as an eremite (adjectival form: hermitic or eremitic) or solitary, is a person who lives in seclusion. Eremitism plays a role in a variety of religions. DescriptionIn Christianity, the term was originally applied to a Christian who lives the eremitic life out of a religious conviction, namely the Desert Theology of the Old Testament (i.e., the 40 years wandering in the desert that was meant to bring about a change of heart).
FealtyAn oath of fealty, from the Latin fidelitas (faithfulness), is a pledge of allegiance of one person to another.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.