Spring (hydrology)A spring is a natural exit point at which groundwater emerges from an aquifer and flows across the ground surface as surface water. It is a component of the hydrosphere, as well as a part of the water cycle. Springs have long been important for humans as a source of fresh water, especially in arid regions which have relatively little annual rainfall. Springs are driven out onto the surface by various natural forces, such as gravity and hydrostatic pressure.
GeyserA geyser (, UK: ) is a spring with an intermittent water discharge ejected turbulently and accompanied by steam. The formation of geysers is fairly rare and is caused by particular hydrogeological conditions that exist only in a few places on Earth. Generally, geyser field sites are located near active volcanic areas, and the geyser effect is due to the proximity of magma.
Geothermal activityGeothermal activity is a group of natural heat transfer processes, occurring on Earth's surface, caused by the presence of excess heat in the subsurface of the affected area, usually caused by the presence of an igneous intrusion underground. Geothermal activity can manifest itself in a variety of different phenomena, including, among others, elevated surface temperatures, various forms of hydrothermal activity, and the presence of fumaroles that emit hot volcanic gases.
MagmaMagma (from Ancient Greek (mágma)'thick unguent') is the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed. Magma (sometimes colloquially but incorrectly referred to as lava) is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and evidence of magmatism has also been discovered on other terrestrial planets and some natural satellites. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals and gas bubbles.
GroundwaterGroundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in rock and soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. About 30 percent of all readily available fresh water in the world is groundwater. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table.
Yellowstone National ParkNational park in the western United StatesYellowstone National Park is a national park of the United States located mainly in the northwest corner of the state of Wyoming, with small portions extending into Montana and Idaho. The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially the Old Faithfulgeyser, one of its most popular. While it represents many types of biomes, subalpine forest is the most abundant.
Earth's crustEarth's crust is its outer shell of rock, comprising less than one percent of the planet's radius and volume. It is the top component of the lithosphere, a solidified division of Earth's layers that includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates whose motion allows heat to escape the interior of Earth into space.
Physical therapyProfession that helps a disabled person function in everyday lifeMedical interventionPhysical therapy (PT), also known as physiotherapy, is a healthcare profession, as well as the care provided by physical therapists. It focuses on promoting, maintaining, or restoring health through patient education, physical interventions, disease prevention, and health promotion.
PHIn chemistry, pH ( or ; ) is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of aqueous solutions. Acidic solutions (solutions with higher concentrations of hydrogen (H) cations) are measured to have lower pH values than basic or alkaline solutions.
Fault (geology)In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements. Large faults within Earth's crust result from the action of plate tectonic forces, with the largest forming the boundaries between the plates, such as the megathrust faults of subduction zones or transform faults. Energy release associated with rapid movement on active faults is the cause of most earthquakes.
Carbon dioxideCarbon-oxygen gasNames IUPAC nameCarbon dioxideOther names Carbonic acid gasCarbonic anhydrideCarbonic dioxideCarbonic oxideCarbon(IV) oxideMethanedioneR-744 (refrigerant)R744 (refrigerant alternative spelling)Dry ice (solid phase)Identifiers CAS Number124-38-93D model (JSmol)Interactive imageInteractive imageBeilstein Reference1900390 ChEBICHEBI:16526ChEMBLChEMBL1231871ChemSpider274ECHA InfoCard100.004.271EC Number204-696-9E numberE290 (preservatives)Gmelin Reference989 KEGGD00004MeSHCarbon+dioxidePubChemCID280RTECS numberFF6400000UNII142M471B3JUN number1013 (gas), 1845 (solid) CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID4027028InChIInChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3Key: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/CO2/c2-1-3Key: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYAOSMILESO=C=OC(=O)=OProperties Chemical formulaCO2Molar mass44.009 g·mol Appearance Colorless gas OdorLow concentrations: noneHigh concentrations: sharp; acidicDensity1562 kg/m (solid at 1 atm (100 kPa) and −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F))1101 kg/m (liquid at saturation −37 °C (−35 °F))1.977 kg/m (gas at 1 atm (100 kPa) and 0 °C (32 °F))Critical point (T, P) 304.128(15) K (30.978(15) °C), 7.3773(30) MPa (72.808(30) atm) Sublimationconditions194.6855(30) K (−78.4645(30) °C) at 1 atm (0.101325 MPa) Solubility in water1.45 g/L at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa (0.99 atm) Vapor pressure5.7292(30) MPa, 56.54(30) atm (20 °C (293.15 K)) Acidity (pKa) Carbonic acid:pKa1 = 3.6pKa1(apparent) = 6.35pKa2 = 10.33 Magnetic susceptibility (χ)−20.5·10 cm/mol Thermal conductivity0.01662 W·m·K (300 K (27 °C; 80 °F)) Refractive index (nD)1.00045 Viscosity14.90 μPa·s at 25 °C (298 K)70 μPa·s at −78.5 °C (194.7 K)Dipole moment0 D Structure Crystal structureTrigonal Point groupD∞hMolecular shapeLinearThermochemistry Heat capacity(C)37.135 J/(K·mol) Std molarentropy(S298)214 J·mol·K Std enthalpy offormation(ΔfH298)−393.5 kJ·mol Pharmacology ATC codeV03AN02 (WHO) Hazards GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordWarningHazard statementsH280, H281Precautionary statementsP282, P336+P317, P403, P410+P403NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 200SALethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LCLo (lowest published)90,000 ppm (162,000 mg/m) (human, 5 min) NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible)TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m) REL (Recommended)TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m), ST 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m) IDLH (Immediate danger)40,000 ppm (72,000 mg/m) Safety data sheet (SDS) Sigma-AldrichRelated compounds Other anionsCarbon disulfideCarbon diselenideCarbon ditellurideOther cationsSilicon dioxideGermanium dioxideTin dioxideLead dioxideTitanium dioxideZirconium dioxideHafnium dioxideCerium dioxideThorium dioxideRelated carbonoxidesSee OxocarbonRelated compoundsCarbonic acidCarbonyl sulfideCarbonyl selenideSupplementary data page Carbon dioxide (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).N verify ( ?)
ExtremophileAn extremophile (from Latin extremus 'extreme' and Ancient Greek φιλία (philía) 'love') is an organism that is able to live or even thrive in extreme environments, such as extreme temperature (hot or cold), pressure, radiation, salinity, or pH level. Extremophiles are mainly species of microorganisms – bacteria and chiefly archaea, but also include some eukaryotes such as some fungi, and tardigrades.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.